The redefinition of the SI unit of mass in terms of a fixed value of the Planck constant has been made possible by the Kibble balance, previously known as the watt balance. Once the new definition has been adopted, the Kibble balance technique will permit the realisation of the mass unit over a range from milligrams to kilograms. We describe the theory underlying the Kibble balance and practical techniques required to construct such an instrument to relate a macroscopic physical mass to the Planck constant with an uncertainty, which is achievable at present, in the region of 2 parts in 10^8. A number of Kibble balances have either been built or are under construction and we compare the principal features of these balances.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/53/5/A46/pdf

The watt or Kibble balance: a technique for implementing the new SI definition of the unit of mass.

The UME Kibble balance project was initiated in the second half of 2014. During this period we have studied the theoretical aspects of Kibble balances, in which an oscillating magnet generates AC Faraday's voltage in a stationary coil, and constructed a trial version to implement this idea. The remarkable feature of this approach is that it can establish the link between the Planck constant and a macroscopic mass by one single experiment in the most natural way. Weak dependences on variations of environmental and experimental conditions, small size, and other useful features offered by this novel approach reduce the complexity of the experimental set-up. This paper describes the principles of the oscillating magnet Kibble balance and gives details of the preliminary Planck constant measurements. The value of the Planck constant determined with our apparatus is , with a relative standard uncertainty of 6 ppm.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1681-7575/aab23d/pdf

Preliminary Planck constant measurements via UME oscillating magnet Kibble balance

The UME Kibble balance project was initiated at the second half of 2014. During this period we have studied the theoretical aspects of Kibble balances in which an oscillating magnet generates AC Faraday voltage in a stationary coil and constructed a trial version to implement this idea. The remarkable feature of this approach is that it can establish the link between the Planck constant and a macroscopic mass by one single experiment in the most natural way. Weak dependences on variations of environmental and experimental conditions, small sizes and other useful features offered by this novel approach reduce the complexity of the experimental setup. This paper describes the principles of oscillating magnet Kibble balance and gives details of the preliminary Planck constant measurements. The value of the Planck constant determined with our apparatus is h/h_90=1.000004 with a relative standard uncertainty of 6 ppm.

Preliminary Planck constant measurements via UME oscillating - magnet Kibble balance

We establish the principles for a new generation of simplified and accurate watt balances in which an oscillating magnet generates Faraday's voltage in a stationary coil. A force measuring system and a mechanism providing vertical movements of the magnet are completely independent in an oscillating magnet watt balance. This remarkable feature allows to establish the link between the Planck constant and a macroscopic mass by a one single experiment. Weak dependence on variations of environmental and experimental conditions, weak sensitivity to ground vibrations and temperature changes, simple force measuring procedure, small sizes and other useful features offered by the novel approach considerably reduce the complexity of the experimental setup. We formulate the oscillating magnet watt balance principle and establish the measurement procedure for the Planck constant. We discuss the nature of oscillating magnet watt balance uncertainties and give a brief description of the National Metrology Institute (UME) watt balance apparatus.

An Oscillating Magnet Watt Balance

As a typical nonlinear and dynamic system, the crude oil price movement is difficult to predict and its accurate forecasting remains the subject of intense research activity. Recent empirical evidence suggests that the multiscale data characteristics in the price movement are another important stylized fact. The incorporation of mixture of data characteristics in the time scale domain during the modelling process can lead to significant performance improvement. This paper proposes a novel morphological component analysis based hybrid methodology for modeling the multiscale heterogeneous characteristics of the price movement in the crude oil markets. Empirical studies in two representative benchmark crude oil markets reveal the existence of multiscale heterogeneous microdata structure. The significant performance improvement of the proposed algorithm incorporating the heterogeneous data characteristics, against benchmark random walk, ARMA, and SVR models, is also attributed to the innovative methodology proposed to incorporate this important stylized fact during the modelling process. Meanwhile, work in this paper offers additional insights into the heterogeneous market microstructure with economic viable interpretations.

/pdf/day-ahead-crude-oil-price-forecasting-using-a-novel-1hycjd0fad.pdf

Day-Ahead Crude Oil Price Forecasting Using a Novel Morphological Component Analysis Based Model

Transient Signal Separation in Watt Balance Experiments

The detection of transient behaviour in environmental vibration data is an important issue when considering the precision of the Watt balance, an electromechanical apparatus for the new definition of the kilogram in the International System of Units (SI). In this paper, the authors have developed a two-stage method for the analysis of large numbers of datasets containing measured vibration data. In the first stage, all the datasets are explored and statistical methods used to identify those datasets that potentially contain transient events. In the second stage, the transient events are separated from the background noise. This stage is implemented using a biorthogonal wavelet technique with Bayesian denoising.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/18/5/039/pdf

The detection of transient behaviour in environmental vibration for the Watt balance

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Transient Signal Separation in Watt Balance Experiments

The detection of transient behaviour in environmental vibration for the Watt balance