Hydrogen as an energy source has been identified as an optimal pathway for mitigating climate change by combining renewable electricity with water electrolysis systems. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology has received a substantial amount of attention because of its ability to efficiently produce high-purity hydrogen while minimising challenges associated with handling and maintenance. Another hydrogen generation technology, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), has been widely used in commercial hydrogen production applications. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) technology can produce hydrogen at relatively low costs because the noble metal catalysts used in PEM and AWE systems are replaced with conventional low-cost electrocatalysts. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) technology is another electrolysis technology for producing hydrogen at relatively high conversion efficiencies, low cost, and with low associated emissions. However, the operating temperatures of SOECs are high which necessitates long startup times. This review addresses the current state of technologies capable of using impure water in water electrolysis systems. Commercially available water electrolysis systems were extensively discussed and compared. The technical barriers of hydrogen production by PEM and AEM were also investigated. Furthermore, commercial PEM stack electrolyzer performance was evaluated using artificial river water (soft water). An integrated system approach was recommended for meeting the power and pure water demands using reversible seawater by combining renewable electricity, water electrolysis, and fuel cells. AEM performance was considered to be low, requiring further developments to enhance the membrane's lifetime. 

Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies: A review

Several research works have investigated the direct supply of renewable electricity to electrolysis, particularly from photovoltaic (PV) and wind generator (WG) systems. Hydrogen (H2) production based on solar energy is considered to be the newest solution for sustainable energy. Different technologies based on solar energy which allow hydrogen production are presented to study their benefits and inconveniences. The technology of water decomposition based on renewable energy sources, to produce hydrogen, can be achieved by different processes (photochemical systems; photocatalysis systems, photo-electrolysis systems, bio-photolysis systems, thermolysis systems, thermochemical cycles, steam electrolysis, hybrid processes, and concentrated solar energy systems). A comparison of the different methods for hydrogen production based on PV and WG systems was given in this study. A comparative study of different types of electrolyzers was also presented and discussed. Finally, an economic assessment of green hydrogen production is given. The hydrogen production cost depends on several factors, such as renewable energy sources, electrolysis type, weather conditions, installation cost, and the productivity of hydrogen per day. PV/H2 and wind/H2 systems are both suitable in remote and arid areas. Minimum maintenance is required, and a power cycle is not needed to produce electricity. The concentrated CSP/H2 system needs a power cycle. The hydrogen production cost is higher if using wind/H2 rather than PV/H2. The green energy sources are useful for multiple applications, such as hydrogen production, cooling systems, heating, and water desalination.

/pdf/hydrogen-production-methods-based-on-solar-and-wind-energy-a-13uov2s3.pdf

Hydrogen Production Methods Based on Solar and Wind Energy: A Review

Currently, meeting the global energy demand is largely dependent on fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and oil. Fossil fuels represent a danger to the Earth's environment and its biological systems. The utilisation of these fuels results in a rise in atmospheric CO2 levels, which in turn triggers global warming and adverse changes in the climate. Furthermore, these represent finite energy resources that will eventually deplete. There is a pressing need to identify and harness renewable energy sources as a replacement for fossil fuels in the near future. This shift is expected to have a minimal environmental impact and would contribute to ensuring energy security. Hydrogen is considered a highly desirable fuel option with the potential to substitute depleting hydrocarbon resources. This concise review explores diverse methods of renewable hydrogen production, with a primary focus on solar, wind, geothermal, and mainly water-splitting techniques such as electrolysis, thermolysis, photolysis, and biomass-related processes. It addresses their limitations and key challenges hampering the global hydrogen economy's growth, including clean value chain creation, storage, transportation, production costs, standards, and investment risks. The study concludes with research recommendations to enhance production efficiencies and policy suggestions for governments to mitigate investment risks while scaling up the hydrogen economy. 

Hydrogen towards sustainable transition: A review of production, economic, environmental impact and scaling factors

Assessment of green hydrogen production in Morocco, using hybrid renewable sources (PV and wind)

Integration of renewable energy sources in tandem with electrolysis: A technology review for green hydrogen production

Sustainable hydrogen production is a priority for Morocco, and it's part of the country's national energy strategy, which is currently being developed. Many processes can be used for its production. However, it's necessary to select the appropriate one for Morocco's case. In this study, a multi-criteria analysis was followed to select the best clean and renewable catalytic process for hydrogen production on an industrial scale. Ten routes were evaluated using the AHP method coupled with the Fuzzy Vikor method for criteria weighting and ranking of alternatives, respectively. The results showed that alkaline water electrolysis coupled with renewable energy sources is the most suitable for industrial production in Morocco. The processes that are not well ranked and require further study and development before deployment on an industrial scale are biophotolysis, photo fermentation, photolysis, and thermolysis. The parametric sensitivity analysis performed validated the result obtained. Then, the potential for hydrogen production using solar energy is investigated. It was found that Morocco can produce 1057.26 million tons of green hydrogen, showing how attractive the selected catalytic process is. This study enables investors and decision-makers to make an informed decision about whether to develop a green hydrogen production industrial installation in Morocco. 

Clean technology selection of hydrogen production on an industrial scale in Morocco

Because of greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels, it has become essential to find non-polluting alternatives. Hydrogen is generally produced from the steam methane reforming (SMR) process which generates a lot of greenhouse gases. However, there are many other processes to produce hydrogen that are cleaner and should be of interest. This study aims at comparing different existing technologies to produce hydrogen in a clean and non-polluting way, in particular biological and thermochemical processes from biomass and water splitting processes. Their comparison is made by analyzing several parameters such as the type of raw materials, energy sources, efficiency, waste generation, CO2 emissions and, hydrogen production rate. Among the biological processes to produce hydrogen from biomass, dark fermentation seems to be the best due to its high production efficiency. Thermochemical processes are also interesting because of their maturity, but they generate a lot of waste such as tar and ashes. Water splitting processes coupled with renewable energy have the advantage of being zero greenhouse gas generating. The electrolysis is the best from the point of view of production efficiency which reaches 80%.

Technology comparison for green hydrogen production

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Assessment of green hydrogen production in Morocco, using hybrid renewable sources (PV and wind)

Clean technology selection of hydrogen production on an industrial scale in Morocco

Technology comparison for green hydrogen production