Although an intensified interest in mosquito cytogenetics in the past decade has produced a number of contributions to knowledge on this subject, the available information is still superficial and limited to a few mosquito species only. The author of this review summarizes the research done in this field between 1953 and 1962.

The following are some of the achievements and some of the gaps that remain to be filled. Karyotypes of several species of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex conform to the general pattern 2n=6, with heterosomes distinguishable only in Anopheles. At least three different karyotypes are present in Anopheles. Salivary gland chromosome maps are now available for several anopheline species, but are still lacking for Culex and Aedes. No precise correlation may yet be made between the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the degree of insecticide-resistance. Sexual differences in the salivary X-chromosomes have been reported for several species of Anopheles. Chromosomal polymorphism is common in some anophelines, but rare in others. Chromosomal mutation has been induced by means of X-rays.

In his conclusions, the author stresses that prospects are especially good for evolutionary and genetic studies involving chromosomal polymorphism.

Mosquito cytogenetics. a review of the literature, 1953-62.

The genetics of resistance of the housefly, Musca domestica L., to organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, and interactions between mechanisms of resistance are reviewed and discussed.

https://eurekamag.com/pdf/000/000176452.pdf

Recent advances in the study of the genetics of resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica

Polytene chromosomes were prepared from the ovarian nurse cells of semi-gravid females of ten insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi. Altogether, 16 heterozygous paracentric inversions, namely b/+ (11D-16C) in alphamethrin; i/+ (14B-18A) and h/+ (27B-28A) in DDT; j/+ (14A-16B) in chlorpyrifos; k/+ (11D-16B) in cyfluthrin; l/+ (11A-16C) in deltamethrin; m/+ (14B-15C) and e/+ (32A-33B) in bifenthrin; n/+ (12D-14B), f/+ (33A-36A) and g/+ (33C-34A) in propoxur; o/+ (11A-12D), h/+ (37A-37C) and i/+ (31C-32C) in temephos; d/+ (33D-35C) in carbofuran and a/+ (41C-43B) in neem strains, were reported. No inversions were observed in X chromosome so far. The frequency of inversions in different insecticides was found to be highest in the 2R arm, followed by the 3R arm. Such inversions were not reported in the corresponding susceptible strains or in the parental stocks.

Chromosomal inversions among insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston, a malaria mosquito.

SUMMARYA survey of a natural population of Anopheles cruzii from Aldeia dos Indios, Sao Paulo, Brazil, has disclosed the existence of a highly polymorphic genetic system characterized by the presence of 14 independent paracentric inversions and at least other five inversions belonging to two complexes. Most of the inversions have heterozygous frequencies higher than 25%. The mean number of inversions per individual was estimated as 5.9. Besides the two complexes, where the inversions were completely linked, four intrachromosomal and six interchromosomal nonrandom inversion associations were observed. In six of these nonrandom associations the 3Rd inversion was present. The presence of a highly polymorphic inversion system in this population is discussed, taking into account the variety of habitats explored by this species.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.1994.10797289

Inversion polymorphism in a natural population of Anopheles cruzii

Since the last review of the problem of insecticide-resistance was presented in this journal at the beginning of 1958, resistance has been discovered in 16 new species, and in at least 14 species both the geographical distribution of resistant populations and the types of resistance encountered have increased In view of the vital importance of finding an answer to this problem, plans were made by WHO early in 1959 for an intensified programme of research The new review of the situation presented below is a first step in the direction of carrying out this programme It follows the same plan as the previous review, the first part giving details of the growth of insecticide-resistance, species by species, and the second part outlining the developments that have taken place in research Fourteen of the species that have newly acquired resistance are anophelines and in thirteen of these resistance is to dieldrin only Convincing evidence has been obtained in favour of the theory that the emergence of resistance is brought about by selection pressure exerted by the insecticide, and much light has been thrown on the biochemical mechanisms of detoxication Research on the phenomenon of cross-resistance and on the genes responsible for the inheritance of resistance has continued In the light of the various findings, it has been possible to make some progress towards the development of new insecticides that are more toxic to the present resistant strains than to normal ones

Insecticide-resistance: A review of developments in 1958 and 1959.

The development of several DDT-resistant strains of Anopheles atroparvus is described. They were selected by larval treatment only (RL), selection of larval and adult females (RLAF), and selection of adult females and males (RAFM). Their rate of DDT-resistance was measured in the larval and adult states (mainly in the 32nd generation). The results were compared with those of a dieldrin-selected strain (R/dieldrin) and several normal and semi-normal reference strains. In the larval assay DDT-resistance was of the following order: RL>RLAF>RAFM>R/dieldrin. Topical application to adults gave: RLAF>(RL?)>RAFM>R/dieldrin; while adult tarsal contact gave: RAFM>RLAF>RL>R/dieldrin These different orders of resistance are discussed.

The strains were subjected to cytological examination by the method of Frizzi. The percentages of heterozygous inversions found were as follows: R/dieldrin, 77.4%; RL, 55.3%; RLAF, 54.0%; RAFM, 24.4%; all normal and semi-normal strains about 12%-21%.

The rate of DDT-resistance could not be correlated with the percentages of heterozygous inversions found in the various strains.

Studies on insecticide-resistant anophelines. 2. Chromosome arrangements in laboratory-developed DDT-resistant strains of Anopheles atroparvus.

Studies on insecticideresistant anophelines. 5. Lipoid content of female Anopheles atroparvus.

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Studies on insecticide-resistant anophelines. 2. Chromosome arrangements in laboratory-developed DDT-resistant strains of Anopheles atroparvus.

Studies on insecticideresistant anophelines. 5. Lipoid content of female Anopheles atroparvus.