Background Spray-drying is one of the highly utilized techniques to increase the shelf-life of food products. However, there are problems during spray-drying of sugar-rich fruit and vegetable juices due to the low glass transition temperature of sugars present in these products (Bhandari, Datta, & Howes, 1997). The sugars transform into a sticky form which increases the deposition at the surface of the drying chamber, which eventually decreases product yield. To achieve an effective drying and to obtain an acceptable product, drying conditions must be optimized. Scope and approach Product yield and physical properties of the final powder are affected by various factors, including carrier material and its concentration added into the feed, feed flow rate, atomization speed/pressure, and drying temperature. This paper reviews the effects of these conditions on yield and the physical properties of the final product. Key findings and conclusions Recent studies have clearly shown that milk-based protein isolates as carrier materials are more effective, according to product yield in lower ratios, than carbohydrate-based carrier materials. Physical characteristics of the final powder vary according to process parameters.

Spray-drying of fruit and vegetable juices: Effect of drying conditions on the product yield and physical properties

Choosing the appropriate wall materials for spray-drying microencapsulation of natural bioactive ingredients: Taking phenolic compounds as examples

Formation and characterization of spray dried coated and uncoated liposomes with encapsulated black carrot extract

The efficiency of various encapsulating wall-materials on the stability and the characteristics of polyphenols in mulberry juice microparticles were studied. The ternary mixtures of maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and whey proteins (WP) were used as wall-materials and mulberry juice polyphenols were used as the core using a simplex-lattice experimental design. The mixture was then spray dried and the physicochemical properties of the powder were measured. In addition, the storage stability of polyphenols in both powder and reconstituted juice were measured. The WP-based samples had the highest powder yield and smallest particles using scanning electron microscopy. MD led to higher solubility, hygroscopicity, color stability, and anti-α-glucosidase activity. The combined wall-materials, especially, WP with GA or MD, increased the polyphenols stability and their antioxidant capacity during storage better than their individual counterparts. It was determined that the binary mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates gave better properties for manufacturing mulberry juice microparticles.

Maltodextrin or gum Arabic with whey proteins as wall-material blends increased the stability and physiochemical characteristics of mulberry microparticles

Sage processing from by-product to high quality powder: I. Bioactive potential

The efficiency of maltodextrin, whey protein isolate, and pea protein isolate to formulate a polyphenol-enriched grape marc extract by spray drying has been compared. Different inlet (120–140 °C ) and outlet (81–89 °C ) temperatures have been evaluated, as well as the amount of carrier expressed as carrier/extract ratio (0.1:1–1:1). The particles obtained were characterized in terms of their chemical composition, morphology, cytotoxicity, and cellular antioxidant activity. Outlet temperature was observed to have a higher influence on the particles than inlet temperature. A 22 % loss in total phenolic content was observed when the extract was spray dried without any carrier material, whereas the addition of the lowest amount of carrier lowered this value ( 87 %). Whey protein showed an enhancement of the chemical and cellular antioxidant activity per unit mass of gallic acid equivalent when compared to the other carriers.

Spray Drying Formulation of Polyphenols-Rich Grape Marc Extract: Evaluation of Operating Conditions and Different Natural Carriers

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Spray Drying Formulation of Polyphenols-Rich Grape Marc Extract: Evaluation of Operating Conditions and Different Natural Carriers