Longidorid plant pathogens, specifically Longidorus and Xiphinema, are known to reduce the biomass and seed yields of several monocotyledonous host plants and may serve as vectors for certain plant viruses. The occurrence and densities of species in these genera in the Midwestern United States may be of concern in the production of two biofuel plant species - Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) and Panicum virgatum. Here we present results from a morphological and molecular survey of plant parasitic nematodes in which two species of Xiphinema (X. americanum and X. rivesi) and one species of Longidorus (L. breviannulatus) were detected. A total of 73 soil samples were collected from 19 sites (nine Miscanthus and 10 P. virgatum) in three states during 2008. Xiphinema spp. was found in 36% of the Miscanthus plots and in 26% of the P. virgatum plots with a population density range of 22-857/100 cm 3 soil. L. breviannulatus was detected in association with Miscanthus plot in Havana, IL, in large numbers (54/100 cm 3 soil). The occurrence of this species was associated with severe damage to the fibrous root system, including stunting and necrosis. Short notes, measurements, illustrations and molecular data are given to the species level.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01020.x

Distribution, morphological description, and molecular characterization of Xiphinema and Longidorous spp. associated with plants (Miscanthus spp. and Panicum virgatum) used for biofuels

First aim of this review paper is to make the checklist of the most important phytophagous insects from the Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) suborder that may feed on plants from genus Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus, present in the Mediterranean basin. Second aim is to compare the mentioned list with Croatian findings from relevant literature. Third aim is to separate and describe possible risk for introduction and harmfulness of the most harmful species in Croatia. In the literature review 46 species (17 aphids, 21 scale insects, 6 whiteflies and 2 psyllids) which may feed on citrus plants were found to be present in selected countries. Out of that number, 37 species (13 aphids, 18 scale insects and 6 whiteflies) are reported for Croatia. Based on their potential to cause damages, ability to spread and the vicinity of the countries in which they are found, following species if introduced could be potential threat for citrus growing areas in Croatia: Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861), Trioza erythrae (Del Guercio, 1918), Aleurothrixus flocossus (Maskell, 1896) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana, 1927).

pdf/checklist-of-phytophagous-insects-on-citrus-from-the-1k1dujed8y.pdf

Checklist of phytophagous insects on citrus from the Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) suborder in Mediterranean basin and the risk for introduction and harmfulness in Croatia

Longidorus mindanaoensis n. sp. is described from samples associated with riverine mangroves in the Philippines and is the first Longidorus species collected from such a habitat. Its relationship within the genus is inferred from molecular and morphological data. Phylogenetic inferences were performed for D2-D3 and SSU rDNA using appropriate phylogenetic algorithms. The new species is characterised by a thickened basal layer of the body cuticle with prominent spiral fibres, a dome-shaped continuous lip region, an oval to elliptical fovea with pore-like opening, the guiding ring at 2.2-2.5 lip region diam. from the anterior end, very weakly developed odontophore, all three pharyngeal gland nuclei at about the mid-point of the basal bulb, vulva at 30-39%, tail convex-conoid to hemispherical, shorter than anal body diam., males with 19-24 ventromedian supplements, and four juvenile stages, all with the replacement odontostyle at a short distance from the functional one. On the basis of amphid shape and structure, shape of anterior body region and general body shape, L. mindanaoensis n. sp. comes close to L. caespiticola, L. eridanicus, L. helveticus, L. macrosoma, L. poessneckensis, L. orongorongensis, L. waikouaitii and L. belondiroides. D2-D3 analysis placed the new species as sister to L. pisi and the two combined are sister clade to a monophyletic group that includes (L. poessneckensis (L. caespiticola (L. helveticus, L. macrosoma))). However, on the basis of SSU phylogeny, L. mindanaoensis n. sp. is positioned within a clade that includes (Longidorus sp. (L. mindanaoensis n. sp. (L. poessneckensis (L. helveticus, L. macrosoma)))). The ‘close’ relationship of the new species with L. pisi in the D2-D3 tree is incongruent with the widely different morphology of the two species. The other species that are close to the new species in the cladogram are in agreement with the morphology.

Morphological, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic position of Longidorus mindanaoensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from a Philippine Avicennia mangrove habitat.

Data on the distribution of Longidoridae and nepoviruses in Bulgaria and Slovenia are summarized. Six species of Longidorus (L. apulus, L. attenuatus, L. arthensis, L. fasciatus, L. elongatus, L. macrosoma), one Paralongidorus species (P. maximus) and three Xiphinema species (X. diversicaudatum, X. index, X. rivesi) are known as natural vectors of nine nepoviruses in Europe. Currently, 10 and 13 species of Xiphinema; 6 and 15 of Longidorus are reported to occur in Slovenia and Bulgaria, respectively. Paralongidorus maximus has been reported only in Bulgaria. Among the virus vector species X. index, X. diversicaudatum and L. elongatus occur in both countries, X. rivesi only in Slovenia and L. attenuatus, L. macrosoma, X. italiae and P. maximus only in Bulgaria. A report of X. index and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) in Bulgaria was related to transgenic grape tolerance to the same virus. Nepoviruses have been reported from Slovenia, but despite an evident relationship in the occurrence of GFLV and X. index in several vineyards the only laboratory proven transmission is that of TRSV and ToRSV to bait plants by a Slovenian population of X. rivesi.

Longidoridae and nepoviruses in Bulgaria and Slovenia

Longidorus poessneckensis Altherr, 1974 and L. piceicola Liskova, Robbins & Brown, 1997 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) represent new records from Poland. These two species are described and illustrated together with a male and bivulval female of L. poessneckensis. In its general morphology and morphometrics, the male of L. poessneckensis is similar to the females, but has a spicule 100 μm long and one adanal pair, two double and a row of six single ventromedian supplements. Comments on the differential diagnosis of L. poessneckensis and two morphologically related species, L. uroshis Krnjaic, Lamberti, Krnjaic, Agostinelli & Radicci, 2000 and L. macrosoma Hooper, 1961 are given.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11230-011-9325-8.pdf

Longidorus poessneckensis Altherr, 1974 and L. piceicola Lišková, Robbins & Brown, 1997 (Nematoda: Longidoridae): new records from Poland and the first description of the L. poessneckensis male and a bivulval female

First record of Longidorus juvenilis and L. leptocephalus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in Slovenia and their morphometrical and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.

Monitoring and identification of aphids (Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea) on cultivated plants in Slovenia.

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First record of Longidorus juvenilis and L. leptocephalus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in Slovenia and their morphometrical and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.

Monitoring and identification of aphids (Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea) on cultivated plants in Slovenia.