Body armour – New materials, new systems

Glasses and ceramics are the most important class of armour materials The ceramics, in particular, make very effective disruptors However, they are very brittle in nature and different design rules need to be applied when constructing ceramic-composite armour systems In this powerful chapter, key properties and drivers are reported, as well as the complex array of energy-absorbing mechanisms and failure modes The constitution of both the traditional glasses and the more advanced transparent crystalline ceramics are covered, including a new review of the alternative systems (Sapphire, AlONs and Spinels), manufacturing methods and their respective ballistic performance The higher-performing opaque ceramics are also well covered and two important families introduced: reaction sintering/bonding of silicon carbide and a newly-developed method of producing cost-effective, ballistically-efficient, boron carbide using a combination of Viscous Plastic Processing (VPP) and Pressureless Sintering (PS) The application of such materials to body armour systems is fully described and the effects of material choice and methods of construction upon ballistic performance is well covered

Glasses and ceramics

High-speed photography has been used to investigate the dynamic behaviour of similar grades of WC-Co hardmetals during ballistic impacts with velocities in the range of 28-484. m/s. Key features of the failure of similar grades of WC-Co materials during complimentary impacts have been observed and discussed. In particular, fast moving fragments were observed to emanate from the point of impact and flow radially across the target's surface analogous to the processes of interface defeat. Further, as the velocity of impact was increased a non-linear increase in the indentation depth was observed that corresponded with an apparent onset of trans-granular fracture in the WC crystallites. Comparisons with ANSYS AUTODYN™ simulations were made and good correlation has been established between the measured inelastic deformation and computations using a simple strain-hardening model. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

/pdf/inelastic-deformation-and-failure-of-tungsten-carbide-under-4n4059gygk.pdf

Inelastic deformation and failure of tungsten carbide under ballistic-loading conditions

On the improvement of the ballistic performance of a silicon carbide tile through pre-stress: Experiments and simulations

Experimental results are presented from an investigation of the parameters of a ceramic-faced armour system that are required to induce damage in a tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) penetrator. A WC-Co material model has been successfully developed and implemented within the numerical hydrocode AUTODYN 2D. The understanding of penetration mechanisms was used to guide a parametric investigation, validating the WC-Co material failure model with experimental results. A series of experiments has been conducted firing the Russian 14.5 mm BS41 WC-Co cored projectile into various thicknesses and types of alumina (Al2O3) and silicon carbide (SiC), backed by aluminium alloy or mild steel semi-infinite witness blocks. Results demonstrated that SiC B out-performed standard monolithic armours and a selection of other armour ceramics including PS 5000 SiC and Sintox-CL. After comminution, the SiC B consisted of particles of closely interlocked grains. These appeared to provide considerable resistance to deviatoric stresses. Results suggest that it is not only increased hardness but also the nature of the fracture of the ceramic ahead of the penetrator that improves the armour’s ballistic performance at defeating WC-Co penetrators. If such superior ballistic response can be controlled and incorporated into practical armour systems, it will provide the basis for an advance in armour protective capability against WC-Co penetrators. In addition, a numerical material model derived from experimental data was developed to provide a preliminary tool to study the WC-Co failure. It was demonstrated that the numerical estimation of WC-Co behaviour using a shock Equation Of State (EOS), a piecewise linear strength model and a principle stress failure model provides a good method to estimate spall behaviour under dynamic loading in AUTODYN 2D. Successful numerical simulation of the material model used demonstrated the future potential of the technique.

The failure of a tungsten carbide-cobalt cored projectile penetrating a hard target

When a sufficient shock stress has been imparted to boron carbide the resistance to penetration can significantly decrease Using a DOP technique, an increasing shock stress is delivered to 6 mm tiles of boron carbide andtheir penetration resistance is evaluated by comparing the penetration into a semi-infinite aluminium backing plate Above a threshold shock stress, the performance of the boron carbide drops off considerably and its performance decreases from that which would be similar to silicon carbide down to something similar to that of a considerably less hard alumina (∼1400 HV5) This paper presents a performance map for hot pressed boron carbide comparing the effective hardness of this ceramic with increasing levels of shock (and hence threat) Conclusions are drawn on the nature of the penetration mechanics

The Effective Hardness of Hot Pressed Boron Carbide with Increasing Shock Stress

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The Effective Hardness of Hot Pressed Boron Carbide with Increasing Shock Stress