One of the least studied aspects of the Hylobatidae is their social behavior. In the past, researchers have attributed this to a general lack of affiliative social interactions due to small group size and the hostile nature of intergroup encounters. Data collected on white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, indicate that gibbons engage in higher rates of social behavior than had previously been appreciated. In addition to relatively high rates of intragroup social contact, gibbons engaged in social behavior, including play and grooming, with members of neighboring groups. These findings obligate a renewed consideration of the nature and function of territoriality in primates.

Intragroup and Intergroup Social Interactions in White-Handed Gibbons

Berenty Reserve is a privately owned reserve established in 1936. At 200 ha, it holds the largest remaining gallery forest on the Mandrare River. Scientists of many nationalities have studied there: research follows their diverse interests rather than being coordinated overall. One finding which emerged from long-term monitoring concerns the importance of both within- and between-troop competition for female Lemur catta and their inheritance of territory in the female line, at least in this islanded population. This may play a role in the maintenance of female dominance over males. Another aspect of long-term study is the changes brought by introduced species, including Leucaena leucocephala, a favored, but toxic, forage tree. The growth of leucaena stands paralleled population growth of the L. catta troops with access to these stands, although highly affected females lost fur and had low infant survival; eradication produced a local population crash. Introduced Eulemur rufus x collaris have grown from about 16 individuals in 1975–1980 to almost 600 in 2009. They are taking over the central gallery forest. L. catta troops maintain their original sleeping areas in the gallery forest but increasingly forage on the periphery, recreating the niche separation described for Lemur and Eulemur in natural sympatry. Overall, Berenty Reserve is drying out, with closed-canopy gallery forest giving way to more open scrub. Research on Berenty’s lemurs is thus the study of evolved adaptations confronted with a changing environment.

Berenty Reserve, Madagascar: A Long Time in a Small Space

Lemur catta Linnaeus, 1758, is a lemurid commonly called the ring-tailed lemur. A strikingly colored, long-tailed lemur, it is the only species in the genus Lemur. It occurs in the southern half of Madagascar, where it inhabits a variety of forested habitats. It is listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

/pdf/lemur-catta-primates-lemuridae-3x57oyyaho.pdf

Lemur catta (Primates: Lemuridae)

Human personality has been defined as the dynamic organization, within an individual, of psychobiological systems that modulate adaptation to a changing environment (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). In this chapter, we briefly outline the ancestral lineage of human beings as five major transitions and then describe how human personality has evolved through three major systems of learning and memory in a long series of steps through evolution. The first one is the procedural system, which regulates different emotional responses such as anger, fear, disgust, and ambition, that is, the temperament dimensions of personality. The second system, the propositional system, is present in primates and helps the individual to be self-directed and cooperative in a social environment. The third system, the episodic system, exists only among humans and stands for humans’ capacity for self-awareness, which allows introspection and recollection of autobiographical memories. The second and third systems are responsible for the presence of the character dimensions of personality, which can be defined as individual differences in values, goals, and self-conscious emotions (e.g., hope, love, and faith). Importantly, character regulates the expression of temperament predispositions, so character is the regulator of well-being regardless of underlying temperament. But the person needs to learn to know and understand her whole being (i.e., temperament and character) to integrate them in order to promote resilience and well-being. Thus, we also present the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and also discuss how interactions between traits within the individual serve as a good description, measurement, and base for dialogue in person-centered approaches.

Personality and the Brain: Person-Centered Approaches

Studies of visual attention in primates have generally focused on antipredatory functions of vigilance, and likewise, social attention is commonly associated with protecting against threat. However, little research has tested whether threat protection provides the best representation of social visual attention in primate groups. Moreover, social monitoring has rarely been considered as a function of social relationships and whether affiliation is important. This thesis is comprised of a series of studies examining social monitoring in captive chimpanzees, orang-utans and siamangs; and in freeranging chacma baboons and ring-tailed lemurs. Particular emphasis is placed on considering social monitoring as a dyadic social interaction, involving both an initiator and recipient of attention. This 'social' approach to social monitoring uses dyadic social relationships within the group and attributes of the initiator and recipient to interpret visual attention. The effects of dyadic relationship quality on visual social monitoring were examined in all the study species. Indices of the strength of affiliative relationships were used to provide a quantitative measure of social relationships and categorise dyads as friends or non-friends. In contrast to standard interpretations of social monitoring, affiliative relationships have a significant influence on the distribution of social monitoring in some primate groups. Social referencing, a complementary aspect of visual social attention, was also explored in orang-utans using visual responses to naturally

Social influences on visual attention in primates

Social behavior and aggression among ringtailed lemurs.

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Social behavior and aggression among ringtailed lemurs.