https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(00)02816-6.pdf

A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

Cimetidine in bleeding peptic ulcer.

A prospective comparative trial is reported between the results of early endoscopy and barium meal examinations in 150 patients admitted with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. One hundred and thirty-eight patients underwent both investigations within 24 hours of admission. Emergency endoscopy accurately identified the source of haemorrhage in 86% of patients and emergency radiology identified the source in 51%. Misleading positive reports were given endoscopically in 3% and by barium meal in 8%. The identification of the source of haemorrhage was possible in 126 patients (91%) by the use of both methods. Emergency endoscopy is shown to be superior to emergency barium meal examination, but the examinations are complementary and both should be used for these patients.

https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/16/9/707.full.pdf

A prospective comparative trial between early endoscopy and radiology in acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(74)73916-5/pdf

A comparison of routine and selective endoscopy in the management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Three hundred and thirty-one patients with severe haemorrhage resulting from erosive gastritis, representing 10 per cent of 3938 patients admitted with severe gastroduodenal bleeding during the past 30 years, are presented. The problems of diagnosis and management are discussed; particularly, the role of immediate gastroscopy and the indications for surgical treatment and the surgical procedure best designed to control the haemorrhage.

Forty-seven patients required 51 emergency surgical procedures, and it was found that the Billroth-I gastrectomy was far superior to any other operation. Polya gastrectomy, vagotomy, and gastric vasoligation were used, with a high incidence of recurrent bleeding and often necessitating a further emergency surgical operation—usually total gastrectomy. It is suggested that a possible explanation of this is the prevention of biliary reflux into the stomach, which is what the Billroth-I gastrectomy seems to achieve. In 1 case presented, a patient with a Polya gastrectomy and erosions who had severe haemorrhage, bleeding was controlled by conversion to a Billroth-I anastomosis.

Erosive gastritis: its diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/2/5465/784.full.pdf

Diagnosis of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding.

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Diagnosis of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding.