Consideration is given to the major features of the characterization of swirl flow combustion, with emphasis on application to practical combustors. Recent experimental work is surveyed first with special regard to the main effects of swirl on the performance, stability, and combustion intensity of flames in combustors. Since solution of the basic governing equations yields predictions that are realistic only if the physical processes are sufficiently well expressed in mathematical form and suitable computational methods of solution are employed, these details are discussed. The treatment is brief, since extensive reviews are available in the literature. It is possible to predict major features of these swirling flows and some solutions are exhibited. The achievements and current status of serial flow combustion are summarized.

Swirl Flows in Combustion: A Review

Components, formulations, solutions, evaluation, and application of comprehensive combustion models

Turbulence/radiation interaction is examined in order to provide better fundamental understanding of temporal aspects of radiative transfer in combustion systems. Two aspects of radiative transfer in a turbulent medium are considered in this paper. In the first, transfer of radiation along a path with turbulent concentration and temperature fluctuations is calculated for the time-mean irradiance at a combustion chamber wall due to random concentration of absorbing species and emission with Gaussian probability density functions. In the second, turbulence/radiation interaction and the effect of radiation transfer on the fully coupled structure and mean properties are assessed for an industrial natural gas-fired furnace. The results of calculations based on the approximate formulation utilized here show that the effects of turbulence/radiation interaction on combustion and flow properties is relatively small for a preheated methane-air mixture. The interaction is greater when the oxidant is cold and the flame is relatively long. 24 references.

Interaction of radiation with turbulence - application to a combustion system

Interaction of radiation with turbulence: application to a combustion system.

The discrete transfer method, often employed to calculate radiative heat transfer in combustion chambers, is not conservative. The reason for this behavior is examined and a conservative formulation is proposed and evaluated. A simple treatment of isotropic scattering media is also presented. The original and the conservative formulation of the method are applied to two-dimensional and three-dimensional enclosures containing a participating medium.

A Conservative Formulation of the Discrete Transfer Method

A prediction method for three-dimensional reacting flows is described. It comprises a numerical solution technique for the time-averaged governing partial differential equations and physical modeling for the turbulence, combustion, and thermal radiation. The requirement of computational economy is strongly emphasized by the method, which employs an implicit numerical technique of the finite-difference kind to solve the governing equations iteratively. The turbulence model is of the "two-equation" variety, while the combustion model is based on a "fast kinetics" statistical approach. A newly developed flux model is employed for the thermal radiation. Comparisons of predictions and data are presented for industrial furnaces, but the method is applicable to all forms of combustion chambers including gas turbine cans. Nomenclature apyan — coefficient in finite-differ ence equation A b = area of cell boundary A i, A 2, A 3 = coefficients of the Taylor series for radiation intensity BlfB2,B3 = coefficients of the Taylor series for radiation intensity B* = defined by (B2 + B22 + B/) i/2

Description and validation of a three-dimensional procedure for combustion chamber flows

A three-dimensional procedure for combustion chamber flows

The paper describes the computation of the flow, reaction, and heat transfer in the combustion chamber region of a typical industrial glass producing furnace. The economy of the computation is considerably enhanced by the use of special grids; by the separate calculation of the burner and bulk combustion chamber regions in a manner which takes into account the differing physical nature of their flows; and by a novel technique for the handling of the thermal radiation. Predictions which demonstrate the value of such computations to furnace designers are shown for a range of operating parameters.

Prediction of the flow, reaction, and heat transfer in a glass furnace

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Description and validation of a three-dimensional procedure for combustion chamber flows

A three-dimensional procedure for combustion chamber flows

Prediction of the flow, reaction, and heat transfer in a glass furnace