Biogas slurry application could potentially reduce N2O emissions and increase crop yield.

Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials

We discuss the diverse functions of proteases in the context of their biotechnological and medical significance, as well as analytical approaches used to determine the functional activity of these enzymes. An insight into modern approaches to studying the kinetics and specificity of proteases, based on spectral (absorption, fluorescence), mass spectrometric, immunological, calorimetric, and electrochemical methods of analysis is given. We also examine in detail electrochemical systems for determining the activity and specificity of proteases. Particular attention is given to exploring innovative electrochemical systems based on the detection of the electrochemical oxidation signal of amino acid residues, thereby eliminating the need for extra redox labels in the process of peptide synthesis. In the review, we highlight the main prospects for the further development of electrochemical systems for the study of biotechnologically and medically significant proteases, which will enable the miniaturization of the analytical process for determining the catalytic activity of these enzymes. 

The multifaceted role of proteases and modern analytical methods for investigation of their catalytic activity.

Various sensors designed for optical and photo(opto)acoustic imaging in living systems are becoming essential components of basic and applied biomedical research. Some of them including those developed for determining enzyme activity in vivo are becoming commercially available. These sensors can be used for various fluorescent signal detection methods: from whole body tomography to endoscopy with miniature cameras. Sensor molecules including enzyme-cleavable macromolecules carrying multiple quenched near-infrared fluorophores are able to deliver their payload in vivo and have long circulation time in bloodstream enabling detection of enzyme activity for extended periods of time at low doses of these sensors. In the future, more effective “activated” probes are expected to become available with optimized sensitivity to enzymatic activity, spectral characteristics suitable for intraoperative imaging of surgical field, biocompatibility and lack of immunogenicity and toxicity. New in vivo optical imaging methods such as the fluorescence lifetime and photo(opto)acoustic imaging will contribute to early diagnosis of human diseases. The use of sensors for in vivo optical imaging will include more extensive preclinical applications of experimental therapies. At the same time, the ongoing development and improvement of optical signal detectors as well as the availability of biologically inert and highly specific fluorescent probes will further contribute to the introduction of fluorescence imaging into the clinic.

Sensors for Proteolytic Activity Visualization and Their Application in Animal Models of Human Diseases

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Sensors for Proteolytic Activity Visualization and Their Application in Animal Models of Human Diseases