Green analytical chemistry focuses on making analytical procedures more environmentally benign and safer to humans. The amounts and toxicity of reagents, generated waste, energy requirements, the number of procedural steps, miniaturization, and automation are just a few of the multitude of criteria considered when assessing an analytical methodology's greenness. The use of greenness assessment criteria requires dedicated tools. We propose the Analytical GREEnness calculator, a comprehensive, flexible, and straightforward assessment approach that provides an easily interpretable and informative result. The assessment criteria are taken from the 12 principles of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE) and are transformed into a unified 0-1 scale. The final score is calculated based on the SIGNIFICANCE principles. The result is a pictogram indicating the final score, performance of the analytical procedure in each criterion, and weights assigned by the user. Freely available software makes the assessment procedure straightforward. It is open-source and downloadable from https://mostwiedzy.pl/AGREE.

AGREE-Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach and Software.

https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/62171/5/2016_Alonso_etal_EurJOC_rev.pdf

Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century

In last years, a plethora of extraction techniques has emerged as environmental-friendly alternatives to conventional extraction procedures. In this particular field, a novel class of solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DES) has arisen as a new and very promising tool. Compared with conventional organic solvents, DES as well as the so-called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have attracted considerable attention due to the fact that they not only are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable organic compounds but also have a low cost, being easy to produce in the own laboratory. The present review provides a critical and organized overview of novel extraction techniques using DES as extracting solvents that were applied in food, biological and environmental sample analysis. An evaluation of how these DES/NADES could improve extraction yields of a variety of analytes and advantages and limitations of each proposal will be discussed and compared with earlier studies.

Extraction techniques with deep eutectic solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment: Recent developments, challenges and novel opportunities.

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3192053/view

Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents in combination with ultrasonic energy as a green approach for solubilisation of proteins: application to gluten determination by immunoassay.

Principle 8 of Green Chemistry recommends eliminating derivatization, yet it is difficult to fulfill in analytical chemistry, so we consider the design of environment-friendly derivatization procedures in this article. We provide an overview on the main strategies for achieving greener derivatization procedures, emphasizing the use of less hazardous reagents and solvents and more efficient forms of energy. We consider using alternative media, such as water, bio-derived solvents, natural deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids and organic solvents instead of classical undesirable solvents. We highlight derivatization with natural compounds and enzymes. We also discuss use in derivatization of different forms of energy, such as microwaves, ultrasound, photochemical or electrochemical. We present numerous examples where the overall green profile of the analytical methodology can be enhanced by focusing on the derivatization steps.

Greener derivatization in analytical chemistry

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Natural deep eutectic solvents in combination with ultrasonic energy as a green approach for solubilisation of proteins: application to gluten determination by immunoassay.

Greener derivatization in analytical chemistry