http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/171/3973/757.full.pdf

Allelochemics: Chemical Interactions between Species

Coelenterates (cnidaria and ctenophores) are well recognized as predators in food webs of marine ecosystems but are less often considered as prey. This is partly because they are digested very rapidly. In studies based on predator stomach contents the measured masses of different prey organisms are rarely scaled by their relative rates of digestion. Predators that are frozen and thawed, or for which whole stomachs are placed in preservatives, may have already lost much of their coelenterate content when they are examined. There is also a tendency to assume that gelatinous organisms, with their high water and salt content relative to organic content, are poor food. However, given the high rates of digestion (and presumably of assimilation) coelenterates may provide sources of energy comparable to better recognized prey such as arthropods. It is already becoming well documented that a number of cnidaria and ctenophores as well as fish utilize gelatinous organisms as prey. Data is accumulating more slowly on predation by a wide range of other carnivores such as molluscs, arthropods, reptiles and birds.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0025315405011458

Predation on pelagic coelenterates: a review

The fact that nudibranchs often contain interesting natural products has been known for over a decade. These natural products were quickly recognized as defensive agents usually sequestered from their particular prey. Recently more fundamental questions, requiring the close collaboration between chemists and biologists, have been addressed. These include the questions of chemoreception and chemosignalling of nuibranchs. The activities in this field are reviewed for the first time with particular emphasis on the defense mechanisms of nudibranchs and the chemical ecology of nudibranchs in all stages of their life cycle.

Chemical Ecology of the Nudibranchs

List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs by Gary McDonald The list of the worldwide food habits of nudibranchs was originally available on the web as a supplement to two articles published in the Veliger: McDonald & Nybakken, 1997 & 1999. On 5 November 2014, it was brought to my attention that the list is no longer available on the web, so I have uploaded it to eScholarship in order to make it available once again. References M C D ONALD , G. R., & J. W. N YBAKKEN . 1997. A worldwide review of the food of nudibranch mollusks. I. Introduction and the suborder Arminacea. Veliger 40(2):157-159. M C D ONALD , G. R., & J. W. N YBAKKEN . 1999. A worldwide review of the food of nudibranch mollusks. II. The suborder Dendronotacea. Veliger 42(1):62-66.

/pdf/list-of-the-worldwide-food-habits-of-nudibranchs-e5591iq526.pdf

List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs

The Portuguese man of war, Physalia physalis, is one of the most conspicuous, but poorly understood members of the pleuston, a community of organisms that occupy a habitat at the sea-air interface. Physalia physalis is a siphonophore that uses a gas-filled float as a sail to catch the wind. The development, morphology, and colony organization of P. physalis is very different from all other siphonophores. Here, we look at live and fixed larval and juvenile specimens, and use optical projection tomography to build on existing knowledge about the morphology and development of this species. We also propose a framework for homologizing the axes with other siphonophores, and also suggest that the tentacle bearing zooids should be called tentacular palpons. Previous descriptions of P. physalis larvae, especially descriptions of budding order, were often framed with the mature colony in mind. However, we use the simpler organization of larvae and the juvenile specimens to inform our understanding of the morphology, budding order, and colony organization in the mature specimen. Finally, we review what is known about the ecology and lifecycle of P. physalis.

/pdf/morphology-and-development-of-the-portuguese-man-of-war-3dqm5onbv2.pdf

Morphology and development of the Portuguese man of war, Physalia physalis

Nudibranchs Glaucus and Glaucilla store and utilize for their own defense the nematocysts of the venomous siphonophore Physalia.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/166/3912/1532.full.pdf

Physalia nematocysts: utilized by mollusks for defense.

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Physalia nematocysts: utilized by mollusks for defense.