The electrochemical behaviors of molybdenum and its oxides, both in bulk and thin film dimensions, are critical because of their widespread applications in steels, electrocatalysts, electrochromic materials, batteries, sensors, and solar cells. An important area of current interest is electrodeposited CIGS-based solar cells where a molybdenum/glass electrode forms the back contact. Surprisingly, the basic electrochemistry of molybdenum and its oxides has not been reviewed with due attention. In this Review, we assess the scattered information. The potential and pH dependent active, passive, and transpassive behaviors of molybdenum in aqueous media are explained. The major surface oxide species observed, reversible redox transitions of the surface oxides, pseudocapacitance and catalytic reduction are discussed along with carefully conducted experimental results on a typical molybdenum glass back contact employed in CIGS-based solar cells. The applications of molybdenum oxides and the electrodeposition of molybdenum are briefly reviewed.

Molybdenum, Molybdenum Oxides, and their Electrochemistry

We show that the lateral spread of silicon in a screen-printed aluminum layer increases by (1.50±0.06) μm/°C, when increasing the peak firing temperature within an industrially applicable range. In this way, the maximum spread limit of diffused silicon in aluminum is predictable and does not depend on the contact area size but on the firing temperature. Therefore, the geometry of the rear side pattern can influence not only series resistance losses within the solar cell but the process of contact formation itself. In addition, too fast cooling lead to Kirkendall void formations instead of an eutectic layer.

Silicon diffusion in aluminum for rear passivated solar cells

Solar energy is one of the renewable energy resources that can be changed to the electrical energy with photovoltaic cells. This article accomplishes a comprehensive review on the emersion, underlying principles, types and performance improvements of these cells. Although there are some different categorizations about the solar cells, but in general, all of them can be divided to crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film technology, III–V multijunction cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, polymer solar cells and quantum structured solar cells. Thin film technology is investigated in two non-crystalline silicon solar cells and chalcogenide cells. We present a complete categorization of solar cells and discuss the recent developments of different types of solar cells. Indeed, this paper covers almost all of the development processes of solar cells from their emersion in 1939 up to now. Also, due to substantial effects of the light trapping techniques on the improvements of the solar cells, a comprehensive study has been carried out.

https://www.tpbin.com/Uploads/Subjects/f0657b94-18be-48ea-908e-b139742173b6.pdf

Photovoltaic cells technology: principles and recent developments

State-of-the-art passivation strategies of c-Si for photovoltaic applications: A review

http://blog.ncue.edu.tw/sys/lib/read_attach.php?id=18523

Impact of Mo barrier layer on the formation of MoSe2 in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

A new back surface passivation stack for thin crystalline silicon solar cells with screen-printed back contacts

The minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system, which minimizes the use of a coolant, has recently been in the spotlight as a new machining system to overcome environmental problems. However the liquefaction of the oil mist at the collection chamber should be overcome. This study analyzes the oil mist liquefaction of the one-channel internal lubricant feed MQL system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and proposes the shape of the mist collection chamber that can reduce mist liquefaction. A discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate mist liquefaction, and the air and oil flow rates used in an actual MQL system are applied. After analyzing the reference model, a parametric study is conducted to derive the trend between the shape of the mist collection chamber and the liquefaction of the mist. The study results confirmed that the liquefaction can be reduced by changing the shape of the mist collection chamber. 

Analysis of Liquefaction in the Mist Collection Chamber of a One-Channel Minimum Quantity Lubrication System Using a Discrete Phase Model

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A new back surface passivation stack for thin crystalline silicon solar cells with screen-printed back contacts

Analysis of Liquefaction in the Mist Collection Chamber of a One-Channel Minimum Quantity Lubrication System Using a Discrete Phase Model