Materials in machine tool structures

Application of composites to orthopedic prostheses for effective bone healing: A review

The increasing demand for machine tools and production systems to be more energy-efficient poses new challenges for machine developers. The paper discusses the general influence of lightweight design approaches on energy efficiency in machine tools and restrictions on the maximum mass reduction for structural components. As a central aspect different quantitative consequences of energy consumption aspects regarding lightweight design are discussed in detail, considering direct and indirect effects of mass reduction on the energy efficiency. Conclusive investigations of the theoretical aspects are realized by an example component for different lightweight design approaches.

Lightweight components for energy-efficient machine tools

In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the crack-healing behavior of ceramic materials. Design of ceramic structures with the ability of crack-healing in service is one of the most important objectives of many scientists. Development of such structures in fuel cells, aerospace, automotive and military industries can save a lot of money from a maintenance cost viewpoint. This paper addresses the most recent findings from researchers in the field of crack-healing in ceramics and discusses future perspectives in this research area.

Crack-healing in ceramics

In the present study, we compared the biomechanical effects of changing the material properties of the fixation rod on adjacent segments of the spine, with respect to the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), carbon-fiber-reinforced (CFR) PEEK, and traditional titanium (Ti) rods. Using a validated intact lumbar finite element model for L2-L5, interbody fusion models for L3-L4 in one-level and L3-L5 in two-levels were developed using rod materials with three different stiffness values. The highest and lowest disc pressure increments and facet joint contact forces were found on the adjacent segments with the Ti and PEEK rods fixation systems, respectively. However, there was no difference in values for disc pressure and contact force in the facet joint between PEEK and CFR-PEEK. CFR-PEEK is a better alternative for fixation rod material for spinal fusion compared to PEEK and Ti. CFR-PEEK rod systems reduce the risk of pedicle screw breakage compared to PEEK.

Biomechanical evaluation of pedicle screw fixation system in spinal adjacent levels using polyetheretherketone, carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone, and traditional titanium as rod materials

The application of polymer composites to the table-top machine tool components for higher stiffness and reduced weight

The flexible fixation method is known to provide beneficial conditions for healing bone fractures by allowing appropriate relative movement at the fracture site. Using finite element analysis (FEA), we investigated the healing efficiency of flexible composite bone plates applied to a tibia with diaphyseal oblique fractures. To construct the finite element model, the time-dependent properties of living tissue (callus) were estimated using healing rates that were updated at every healing period using iterative calculations of the interfragmentary strain distributions according to oblique angles and plate properties. The calculation results showed that the flexible composite bone plates (Twintex [0] 18 and WSN3k [±30] 9 ) provided high healing rates compared to conventional steel plates.

Bio-mechanical analysis of a fractured tibia with composite bone plates according to the diaphyseal oblique fracture angle

The endochondral ossification process of fractured long bones was simulated using a three-dimensional finite element model when various composite bone plates were applied to the fracture site. To simulate time-varying cell phenotypes and the corresponding deviatoric strains in the calluses, a user’s subroutine was programmed for iterative calculations. Three representative initial loading conditions were investigated to find a relationship between the initial loading condition and tissue differentiation. Through finite element analysis, the trends in tissue differentiation and healing efficiency in the calluses were evaluated according to the plate modulus and loading conditions; further, the most appropriate plate modulus under each initial loading condition was suggested.

The simulation of tissue differentiation at a fracture gap using a mechano-regulation theory dealing with deviatoric strains in the presence of a composite bone plate

Recently, anisometric structures, which are popular in nature but uncommon in artificial materials, have been actively investigated for the development of novel materials designed for sensors, optical systems, scaffolds, etc. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that the symmetry of two-compartment hydrogels influences their temperature responsive behavior and drug diffusivity. Composite hydrogels with isometric and anisometric compartments were prepared using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(acrylamide), and nanoclay. The anisometric hydrogel showed a markedly smaller volume transition and equilibrium swelling ratio than its isometric counterpart, possibly because of more restriction from the two-compartment structure. Furthermore, water retention and the release of cilostazol were significantly sustained in the case of the anisometric hydrogel. By incorporating Ag nanoparticles into one compartment, an IR responsive transition was achieved, which showed the consistent effect of the anisometric structure. Finite element analysis further confirmed the difference found in the experimental results by presenting a prevailing von Mises stress in the anisometric case. This study provides a novel engineering strategy for hydrogel properties and a fundamental understanding valuable for designing anisometric hydrogel materials.

Anisometric nanocomposite hydrogels with temperature responsive compartments

Finite element analysis using interfragmentary strain theory for the fracture healing process to which composite bone plates are applied

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