Titanium carbides, oxides, nitrides, and carbonitrides possess many special and excellent properties. But the high production cost caused by the traditional carbothermic reduction process severely limits the wide applications. In this study, a novel synthesis process has been proposed by reducing and carbonitriding TiO2 with a CH4-H2-N2 gas mixture at low temperatures. The synthesis of Ti(C, N, O), reaction mechanism, and the composition of the product have been investigated. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that TiO2 could be ultimately reduced and carbonitrided to Ti(C, N, O) by CH4-H2-N2 gas mixture. Based on the predictions of thermodynamics, the effects of reduction time, temperature, and gas composition have been studied experimentally. The obtained results indicated that increasing reduction temperature and introduction of N2 are beneficial to the synthesis of Ti(C, N, O). Finally, the optimum reaction conditions have been obtained. The density functional theory (DFT) results further demonstrated the reaction mechanism. This work provides a new approach to prepare metallic carbonitrides from their oxides.

Synthesis of Ti(C, N, O) ceramic from rutile at low temperature by CH4-H2-N2 gas mixture

Determination of the Carbon-Saturated SiO2-CaO-TiOx Phase Diagram at 1773 K

The Special Issue on “Metallurgical Slag” is a collection of 23 original articles dedicated to theoretical and experimental research works providing new insights and practical findings in the field of metallurgical slag-related topics [...]

Metallurgical Slag


 Titanium carbides, oxides, nitrides and carbonitrides possess many special and excellent properties. But the high production cost caused by the traditional carbothermic reduction process severely limits the wide applications. In this study, a novel synthesis process has been proposed by reducing and carbonitriding TiO2 with CH4-H2-N2 gas mixture at low temperatures. The synthesis of Ti(C, N, O), reaction mechanism and the products composition have been investigated. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that TiO2 could be ultimately reduced and carbonitrided to Ti(C, N, O) by CH4-H2-N2 gas mixture. Based on the predictions of thermodynamics, the effects of reduction time, temperature, and gas composition have been studied experimentally. The obtained results indicated that increasing reduction temperature and introduction of N2 are beneficial to the synthesis of Ti(C, N, O). Finally, the optimum reaction conditions have been obtained. The density functional theory (DFT) results further demonstrated the reaction mechanism. This work provides a new approach to prepare metallic carbonitrides from their oxides.

/pdf/synthesis-of-ti-c-n-o-from-tio2-by-ch4-h2-n2-gas-mixture-at-4wjiguk8qv.pdf

Synthesis of Ti(C, N, O) from TiO2 by CH4-H2-N2 Gas Mixture at Low Temperature

Synthesis of Fe3O4-NH2-APTES@rGO@SiO2 core–shell magnetic microspheres for efficient aqueous phenol photocatalytic degradation

The utilization of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag (TiO2 about 23 wt%) is an urgent problem to be solved. The selective crystallization and carbonization by methane process is a novel method to extract the titanium in the slag. In this study, the thermodynamic calculation results showed that the increase in basicity was beneficial for the crystallization of perovskite in the TiO2–CaO–SiO2 ternary slag, which contributes to the enrichment of titanium. In the following carbonization process, it was also found that the addition of Fe2O3 and CH4N2O was beneficial for the synthesis of Ti(N,C,O). The reasons were Fe2O3 could catalyze the decomposition of methane to generate the active carbon, and CH4N2O acted as the pore-forming material which resulted in the specific surface area of solid powder increasing, namely increasing the contact chance of methane with powders.

Crystallization and Carbonization of TiO 2 –CaO–SiO 2 Ternary Slag

The utilization of titanium-containing blast furnace slag has been an unsolved problem for a long time. Failure to make effective use of the slag, which is caused by a high TiO2 content within it, not only results in a waste of resources, especially titanium, but also increases environmental risk. The key to address the problem is the enrichment and extraction of TiO2 from the slag first. Therefore, in order to study the enrichment of titanium, the crystallization behavior of TiO2-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO pentabasic slag, the main compositions of titanium-containing blast furnace slag, within the basicity range of 1.1–1.4 was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Thermodynamic calculation shows that perovskite is the main titanium-containing phase and titanium can be enriched in perovskite. By decreasing the temperature, perovskite precipitates at first. Additionally, with the increase of basicity, perovskite precipitation temperature increases continuously, and its amount of precipitation almost does not change, while the amounts of other phases change obviously. The experimental results demonstrate similar results except for the amount of perovskite (with the increase of basicity, perovskite precipitation amount increases slightly), caused by kinetic reason. In addition, the morphology of the slag at different scales was observed. The surface of the cooled slag is granular, vein-like, and irregular, multilaterally shaped from outside to inside. The crystal is dendritic with a spine-like trunk, and the edge is blade-like. In terms of the structure of the crystal, the inner part of it is perovskite, and the outer part is covered with a layer of other phases with spinel inlaying it. Finally, the precipitated mechanism is proposed as well.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/6/583/pdf

The Crystallization Behavior of TiO2-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Pentabasic Slag with a Basicity of 1.1–1.4

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Crystallization and Carbonization of TiO 2 –CaO–SiO 2 Ternary Slag

The Crystallization Behavior of TiO2-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Pentabasic Slag with a Basicity of 1.1–1.4