Condylar position and Class and Class II deep-bite, no-overjet malocclusions

Treatment and stability of Class II Division 2 malocclusion in children and adolescents: A systematic review

Mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion.

Rat cranial skeletal growth was studied, using a cross-sectional data set, for the period 13–49 days by the application of the concepts of continuum mechanics and the numerical techniques of the finite element method (FEM) In contrast to the methods of conventional craniometry (CM) and roentgenographic cephalometry (RCM) the FEM permits fine scale, reference frame invariant descriptions and analysis of growth behavior This advantage was demonstrated by a numerical example of the use of FEM



The skull was discretized into a number of two-dimensional, triangular elements, whose enclosed areas corresponded closely to both specific skeletal structures and to related functional matrices Since it was assumed presently that the growth behavior of all of the points enclosed within a given element was similar, the application of the functional matrix hypothesis permitted an integrated description of the growth of the skeletal structure and functional matrix related to each element The principal locus of rotation of the facial skull, relative to the cranial base, is the inferior frontoethmoidal articulation, a motion that includes a rigid body rotation Other active and passive skeletal and visceral growth events associated with orthocephalization were located and described Finally it was shown that the morphogenetically important growth behavior of other portions of the rat head were not directly involved in orthocephalization

Studies on orthocephalization: Growth behavior of the rat skull in the period 13–49 days as described by the finite element method

The activity of the anterior and posterior temporal, and of the masseter muscles was studied by electromyography and the position of the mandible by sirognathography. The recordings were made in 22 children, aged 8–13 years, with Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion before and during treatment of their malocclusion. The treatment comprised two phases: proclination of the upper incisors and bite raising with a removable plate, and the subsequent correction of the distal occlusion with an activator. The aim of the study was to reveal signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment.

The electromyographic recordings were made in the rest position of the mandible, and during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing. The sirognathographic recordings comprised the positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during tooth contact during chewing and maximal mandibular movements.

The muscle activity at rest was unchanged during the period of observation. The activity during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing decreased during the phase of proclination, which was interpreted as a result of occlusal instability. The positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during chewing were stable during the treatment. Neither the electromyographic recordings nor the recordings of mandibular positions revealed any signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment of the Class II, division 2 malocclusion.

/pdf/no-posterior-mandibular-displacement-in-angle-class-ii-iclw13s2l0.pdf

No posterior mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion as revealed with electromyography and sirognathography.

A statistical evaluation of relationships between orthodontic treatment of Class II, Division 2 malocclusion and mandibular growth and position, finding significant positive effects of treatment.

Class II, division 2 treatment and mandibular growth.

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Class II, division 2 treatment and mandibular growth.