Wheat is one the most popular and widely utilized cereals in the world owing to its multiple uses however increasing soil and water salinity poses a serious threat of its production. Salinity stress significantly influences the growth and development of wheat leading to diminish yield and quality. Wheat plants utilize a range of physiological biochemical and molecular mechanisms to adapt under salinity stress at the cell, tissue as well as whole plant level to optimize growth and yield. Recently, various adaptation and management strategies have been developed to reduce the deleterious effects salinity stress to maximize production and quality The review emphasizes the deleterious effects of salinity stress on wheat yield and quality and the adaptation and mitigation strategies for the sustainable wheat production to ensure food security.

Salinity Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Changing Climate: Adaptation and Management Strategies

The general circulation models estimated an average increase in global surface temperature about 4 °C (2.9 to 5.5 °C). Escalating temperature and extreme weather events are causing higher variations in substantial grain yield losses in cereal crops leading to food insecurity. Temperature flux, more notably high temperature,, affects plants' physio-biochemical processes, resulting in serious yield reduction and quality due to poor agronomic management in plants. Despite the impact of global insecurity on world food production, limited success has been achieved to heat stress adaptation. Extensive research has been made to assess the consequences of abiotic stresses in early growth stages and endurance under subsequent intensity. However, the consequences of abiotic, especially heat/high-temperature stress on reproductive growth, development, and phenology of cereals, received comparatively less consideration, though it has a significant effect on grain yields. Hence, it is imperative to recognize and focus on the most exposed traits of growth and yield under abiotic stress conditions. Among the abiotic stresses, heat stress adversely affects the chlorophyll and grain filling mechanisms in plants. Thus, the preservation of grain weight throughout the heat stress period is also a signal of heat tolerance at the grain filling stage. High potential grain weight under heat stress may also be a better decisive factor for the selection of cultivars for heat tolerance and resistance to changing future climatic conditions. This review summarizes the alterations in the development systems of plants in response to heat stress with a focus on integrated morpho-anatomical, physiological, and molecular adaptations. It also provides information about advanced heat tolerance mechanisms in various plant species applying different tactics together with genetic techniques for plant growth and development.

Linking Plants Functioning to Adaptive Responses Under Heat Stress Conditions: A Mechanistic Review

Plant abiotic stresses negative affects growth and development, causing a massive reduction in global agricultural production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop because of its economic value and oilseed production. However, its productivity has been reduced by many environmental adversities. Therefore, it is a prime need to grow rapeseed cultivars, which can withstand numerous abiotic stresses. To understand the various molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the abiotic stress tolerance and improvement in rapeseed, omics approaches have been extensively employed in recent years. This review summarized the recent advancement in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and their imploration in abiotic stress regulation in rapeseed. Some persisting bottlenecks have been highlighted, demanding proper attention to fully explore the omics tools. Further, the potential prospects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing to assist molecular breeding in developing abiotic stress-tolerant rapeseed genotypes have also been explained. In short, the combination of integrated omics, genome editing, and speed breeding can alter rapeseed production worldwide.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21645698.2020.1859898

Omics: The way forward to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in Brassica napus L

Quantifying the cooling effect of urban green space: A case from urban parks in a tropical mega metropolitan area (India)

Year to year change in weather poses serious threats to agriculture globally, especially in developing countries. Global climate models simulate an increase in global temperature between 2.9 to 5.5 °C till 2060, and crop production is highly vulnerable to climate warming trends. Extreme temperature causes a significant reduction in crop yields by negatively regulating the crop phenology. Therefore, to evaluate warming impact on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production and management practices, we quantified agrometeorological data of 30 years by applying multiple crop modelling tools to compute the expected rise in temperature, impact of crop phenology, yield loss, provision of agrometeorology-services, agronomic technologies, and adaptation to climate-smart agriculture. Model projections of 15 agrometeorology stations showed that the growing duration of the sowing-boll opening and sowing-harvesting stages was reduced by 2.30 to 5.66 days decade−1 and 4.23 days decade−1, respectively, in Pakistan. Temperature rise in China also advanced the planting dates, sowing emergence, 3–5 leaves, budding anthesis, full-bloom, cleft-boll, boll-opening, and boll-opening filling by 24.4, 26.2, 24.8, 23.3, 22.6, 15.8, 14.6, 5.4, 2.9, and 8.0 days. Furthermore, present findings exhibited that the warming effect of sowing-harvest time was observed 2.16 days premature, and delayed for 8.2, 2.4, and 5.3 days in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in China. APSIM-cotton quantification revealed that the sowing, emergence, flowering, and maturity stages were negatively correlated with temperature −2.03, −1.93, −1.09, and −0.42 days °C−1 on average, respectively. This study also provided insight into the adaptation of smart and better cotton by improving agrotechnological services.

Impact of Climate Warming on Cotton Growth and Yields in China and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective

Current growth simulations indicate that by 2050, nearly 6.3 billion people out of an estimated global population of 9.1 billion will live in urban territories. Karachi is largest city of Pakistan, and highly vulnerable to extreme weather events. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of the Karachi urban inhabitants to heat stress and to identify the role of ecosystem services in mitigating the future impacts of heatwaves as well as the estimation of landscape functions to urbanization. GIS/RS techniques is used to estimate the suitability of forest scenario projection models and to identify the current status of urban green spaces in the city. Long-term meteorology dataset (1989–2018) is also analysed to quantify the frequency of heat waves, along with downscaling of rise in temperature under future scenarios. The results indicate that heat waves are linked with climate warning and extreme weather events, aggravated by rapid urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, emission of CO2, degradation of Mangrove Forest, and shift of land use etc. Moreover, findings revealed that there is significant drop-off in urban green spaces and increase in build-up areas of the city during the 1984–2016. In addition, model projected that forest area around the city has ability to absorb CO2 emission up to 55.4 million-tons. This study provides initial assessment and specific policy implications in meteorological predictions to establish early warning heat waves alerts and promote smart sustainable cities plans among residents and planners.

Vulnerability assessment of urban expansion and modelling green spaces to build heat waves risk resiliency in Karachi

Flax is an important functional food because it is the richest source of ω-3 fatty acid i.e. α-linolenic acid (ALA). Flax also contains Lignin, flax fiber and minerals having potential health benefits against cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and neurological disorders. The Protein of flaxseed is also useful for preventing heart diseases and improves immunity. Flaxseed oil is used in different bakery products, muffins, cakes, juices, dairy products, macaroni and pasta. This review focuses on importance of the flaxseed and composition of its oil which includes the potential health benefits and commercial uses of flax as a functional food.
Keywords: Flaxseed; Food; Fiber; Linseed; Oilseed
http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80173

https://mail.thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/download/1069/684

1. Flax: Ancient to modern food

Phenotypic Plasticity of Spineless Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars in Response to Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid under Rainfed Climate Conditions

Thirty five Brassica napus genotypes were evaluated to check their genetic diversity on the basis of mapped 20 microsatellite markers. The genetic similarity values of coefficient ranged from 0.28 to 0.85. A dendrogram was generated based on UPGMA which showed that genotypes were divided into five major clusters. Cluster A had genotypes with higher similarity coefficient of 0.85 while Cluster E had only one genotype (pop 35) genetically distinct from other genotypes. PIC values were calculated for each of the 20 SSR primer pairs. Ten primers PIC value ranged from 0.30 (O110-A05) to 0.59 (Na10-D09 markers). This study would be helpful in assessing the genetic diversity. It was revealed that there was no correlation between the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of the studied germplasm, depicting their close genetic relationship.

Studies on genetic divergence of rapeseed genotypes using SSR markers

Vegetable oils are a key component of human dietary need and health worldwide. Oil quality of sunflower is better than all others because of the higher percentage of the linoleic acid that is the most appropriate character missing in all other oilseed crops. Changing climate and extreme weather events are making crop highly vulnerable and threatening global food security. Application of different crop models was evaluated to quantify the sunflower genotypes selection, assessment of phenotypic plasticity, physiology, and estimation of seed yield and oil concentration in response to the climate variability. The present study evaluated the worldwide sunflower modelling performance, and a case study of SUNFLO hybrid modelling technique was assessed for crop model adaptation to new genotypes under contrasting environment. Extended field experiment was conducted at 52 locations (28 genotypes) at the 75% of the total sunflower cultivated region in France. Compared to initial models the experiential correlation decreased mean square error (MSE) on an average of 54% for seed yield production, and 26% for oil content concentration. The study also identified smart management practices and evaluated the performance of different models and concluded with the utilization of hybrid modelling skills. Further research expresses the thrust to use system modelling for screening the existing hybrids on grounds of their responses to several growth parameters and adaptation capacity to rapidly changing climatic conditions. This will eventually minimize the yield losses and help in increasing the crop yield even in limited resources. The present study is also proposing a clear optimization framework for genetic diversity of sunflower hybrids and management practices under changing climatic scenario.

Sunflower Modelling: A Review

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