The stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is currently a hot topic, but the investigation as well as the understanding of the degradation mechanisms remain incomplete. We present the intrinsic...

Alternative Electron Transport Layer Based on Al-Doped ZnO and SnO2 for Perovskite Solar Cells: Impact on Microstructure and Stability

In the field of photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells have attracted great interest due to their high efficiency combined with a strong potential for low cost and good versatility. One of the main ...

Effect of the hole transporting / active layer interface on the perovskite solar cell stability

Incorporating large organic cations to form 2D and mixed 2D/3D structures significantly increases the stability of perovskite solar cells. However, due to their low electron mobility, aligning the organic sheets to ensure unimpeded charge transport is critical to rival the high performances of pure 3D systems. While additives such as methylammonium chloride (MACl) can enable this preferential orientation, so far, no complete description exists explaining how they influence the nucleation process to grow highly aligned crystals. Here, by investigating the initial stages of the crystallization, as well as partially and fully formed perovskites grown using MACl, the origins underlying this favorable alignment are inferred. This mechanism is studied by employing 3‐fluorobenzylammonium in quasi‐2D perovskite solar cells. Upon assisting the crystallization with MACl, films with a degree of preferential orientation of 94%, capable of withstanding moisture levels of 97% relative humidity for 10 h without significant changes in the crystal structure are achieved. Finally, by combining macroscopic, microscopic, and spectroscopic studies, the nucleation process leading to highly oriented perovskite films is elucidated. Understanding this mechanism will aid in the rational design of future additives to achieve more defect tolerant and stable perovskite optoelectronics.

Elucidating the Origins of High Preferential Crystal Orientation in Quasi‐2D Perovskite Solar Cells

A significant current challenge for perovskite solar technology is succeeding in designing devices all by low temperature processes. This could help for both rigid devices industrialisation and flexible devices development. The depositions of nanoparticles from colloidal suspensions consequently emerge as attractive approaches, especially due to their potential for low temperature curing not only for the photoactive perovskite layer but also for charge transporting layers. Here, NIP solar cells based on aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) electron transport layer were fabricated using a low temperature compatible process for AZO deposition. For the extensively studied perovskites based on methylammonium lead halides (MAPbI3-xClx), the chloride/iodide equation is widely proposed to follow an optimal value corresponding to an introduced MAI:PbCl2 ratio of 3:1. However, the perovskite formulation should be considered as a key parameter for the optimization of power conversion efficiency when exploring new perovskite sub-layers. We here propose a systematic method for the structural determination of the optimal ratio. It may depend on the sublayer and results from structural changes around the optimal value. The functional properties gradually increase with the addition of chlorine as long as it remains intercalated in a single phase. Above the optimal ratio, the appearance of two phases degrades the system.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1927/pdf

Influence of Chloride/Iodide Ratio in MAPbI3-xClx Perovskite Solar Devices: Case of Low Temperature Processable AZO Sub-Layer

Interfacial engineering has fueled recent development of p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with self-assembled monolayer-based hole-transport layers (SAM-HTLs) enabling almost lossless contacts for solution-processed PSCs, resulting in the highest achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) to date. Substrate interfaces are particularly crucial for the growth and quality of co-evaporated PSCs. However, adoption of SAM-HTLs for co-evaporated perovskite absorbers is complicated by the underexplored interaction of such perovskites with phosphonic acid functional groups. In this work, we highlight how exposed phosphonic acid functional groups impact the initial phase and final bulk crystal structures of co-evaporated perovskites and their resultant PCE. The explored surface interaction is mediated by hydrogen bonding with interfacial iodine, leading to increased formamidinium iodide adsorption, persistent changes in perovskite structure, and stabilization of bulk α-FAPbI3, hypothesized as being due to kinetic trapping. Our results highlight the potential of exploiting substrates to increase control of co-evaporated perovskite growth. 

Understanding and exploiting interfacial interactions between phosphonic acid functional groups and co-evaporated perovskites

Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells have become of interest due to their high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency and low fabrication costs. Recently, it is reported that chlorine doping is an effective means of improving the conversion efficiency and stability of these cells. However, the role played by chlorine and the chemical state of chlorine in the MAPbI3−xClx perovskite is still the subject of much debate. In the present work, we fabricate Cl-containing perovskite films by spin coating a mixed solution of CH3NH3Cl and CH3NH3I on PbI2 films in air. The chemical state of Cl in these films is investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that the Cl is present in different chemical states depending on the concentration of CH3NH3Cl used in the original synthesis. XPS depth profile results demonstrate that Cl is present throughout the samples rather than solely at the perovskite/TiO2 interface as has been reported previously. However, the Cl located at the interface is more stable during thermal treatment of the films. Photovoltaic characterization reveals that strong relationship between the chemical state of chlorine and photovoltaic performance exists.

Chemical state of chlorine in perovskite solar cell and its effect on the photovoltaic performance

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Chemical state of chlorine in perovskite solar cell and its effect on the photovoltaic performance