NIR-II Responsive Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Photothermal Therapy: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Advances in smart mesoporous carbon nanoplatforms for photothermal–enhanced synergistic cancer therapy

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, behind only cardiovascular diseases, and is one of the most serious diseases threatening human health nowadays. Cancer patients' lives are being extended by the use of contemporary medical technologies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments are not always effective in extending cancer patients' lives. Simultaneously, these approaches are often accompanied with a series of negative consequences, such as the occurrence of adverse effects and an increased risk of relapse. As a result, the development of a novel cancer-eradication strategy is still required. The emergence of nanomedicine as a promising technology brings a new avenue for the circumvention of limitations of conventional cancer therapies. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), in particular, have garnered extensive attention due to their many specific advantages, including customizable size and shape, multiple and useful physicochemical properties, and ease of functionalization. Based on these characteristics, many therapeutic and diagnostic applications of AuNPs have been exploited, particularly for malignant tumors, such as drug and nucleic acid delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and X-ray-based computed tomography imaging. To leverage the potential of AuNPs, these applications demand a comprehensive and in-depth overview. As a result, we discussed current achievements in AuNPs in anticancer applications in a more methodical manner in this review. Also addressed in depth are the present status of clinical trials, as well as the difficulties that may be encountered when translating some basic findings into the clinic, in order to serve as a reference for future studies. 

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Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Gold Nanoparticles for Skin Drug Delivery.

Triple stimuli-responsive ZnO quantum dots-conjugated hollow mesoporous carbon nanoplatform for NIR-induced dual model antitumor therapy.

Thermochemotherapy has shown a synergistic anti-cancer efficiency and can enhance the therapeutic effect of simple chemotherapy. The photothermal conversion characteristics of carriers are vital in thermo-chemotherapy. Therefore, hollow mesoporous carbon (HMC) with excellent heating efficiency and a large specific surface area was used to ensure the high loading capacity. Next, approximately 4 nm spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) were employed as gatekeepers of the tunnels of HMC by Au-S bonds, which have the same size as HMC mesopores. Additionally, the gold NPs could avoid the premature release of the drug and enhance the photothermal properties of the delivery system. The surface of the carriers was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to increase the biocompatibility and dispersity of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded DOX/HMC-Au@PEG. DOX release was markedly accelerated in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and near-infrared (NIR), indicating that the system had redox and NIR dual-triggered drug release characteristics. Cytotoxicity experiments proved that combined therapy induced the highest cell killing level. Additionally, the combination index (CI) of DOX/HMC-Au@PEG was 0.452, indicating the synergistic effect of chemotherapy and photo-thermal therapy (PTT). In vivo antitumor experiments were also carried out and showed the same trend. In general, the results of this study indicated that DOX/HMC-Au@PEG has great potential in dual-triggered drug delivery and thermochemotherapy.

Gold nanoparticles modified hollow carbon system for dual-responsive release and chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of tumor.

Red light-emitting carbon dots for reduced phototoxicity and photothermal/photodynamic-enhanced synergistic tumor therapy

Gold nanoparticles gated mesoporous carbon with optimal particle size for photothermal-enhanced thermochemotherapy

Evaluation on redox-triggered degradation of thioether-bridged hybrid mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles

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Gold nanoparticles modified hollow carbon system for dual-responsive release and chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of tumor.

Red light-emitting carbon dots for reduced phototoxicity and photothermal/photodynamic-enhanced synergistic tumor therapy

Gold nanoparticles gated mesoporous carbon with optimal particle size for photothermal-enhanced thermochemotherapy

Evaluation on redox-triggered degradation of thioether-bridged hybrid mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles