Solution‐processable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have received tremendous attentions in recent years due to their intrinsic merits of theoretical 100% exciton harvesting capability and excellent compatibility to low‐cost and easily scalable solution processes. Herein, a comprehensive review of solution‐processable TADF emitters is presented, including small molecules, dendrimers, and polymers. Their molecular design, optoelectronic properties, and device performances are summarized, and specific emphasis is placed on the structure–property relationships of these emitters. This review not only offers a guideline for designing highly efficient TADF emitters compatible with solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes, but also paves further directions for the development of solution‐processable TADF emitters.

Design Strategy for Solution-Processable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters and Their Applications in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Multifunctional emitting materials are scarce and need to be further explored Now, a newly anthraquinone derivative, 2-(phenothiazine-10-yl)-anthraquinone (PTZ-AQ) was designed and synthesized and found to demonstrate polymorphism, multi-color emission, aggregation-induced emission (AIE), mechanochromic luminescence (MCL), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in its different solid forms It is shown for the first time that TADF properties of a compound can be systematically tuned via its aggregation state The optimized PTZ-AQ crystal shows a small singlet-triplet energy splitting of 001 eV and exhibits red TADF with a photoluminescence quantum yield as high as 0848 This study shows that the unique multiple functions can be integrated into one single compound through controlling the aggregation states, which provides a new strategy for the investigation and application of multifunctional organic materials

Manipulation of Molecular Aggregation States to Realize Polymorphism, AIE, MCL, and TADF in a Single Molecule

The amalgamation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties, termed AIE-TADF, is a promising strategy to design novel robust luminescent materials Herein, we transform 2,3,4,5,6-penta(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (5CzBN) from an ACQ molecule into an AIEgen by simply decorating the 5CzBN core with alkyl chain-linked spirobifluorene dendrons By increasing the number of flexible dendrons, these materials can not only show obvious AIE-TADF characteristics and uniform film morphology, but can also exhibit better resistance to isopropyl alcohol, which are beneficial to fully solution-processed OLEDs Notably, 5CzBN-PSP shows great device efficiency with an external quantum efficiency (EQE), current efficiency and power efficiency of 201%, 587 cd A-1 and 462 lm W-1, respectively and achieved record-breaking efficiency in solution-processed nondoped OLEDs based on AIE emitters This work demonstrates a general approach to explore new efficient emitters by the marriage of AIE and TADF which could potentially improve their performance in various areas

/pdf/endowing-tadf-luminophors-with-aie-properties-through-1gofnxi9ws.pdf

Endowing TADF luminophors with AIE properties through adjusting flexible dendrons for highly efficient solution-processed nondoped OLEDs

Reversible Crystal‐to‐Crystal Phase Transitions with High‐Contrast Luminescent Alterations for a Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter

Two solution processable triazatruxene-based small molecules (TATC-BP and TATP-BP) with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), aggregation-induced emission (AIE), and mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) properties are synthesized and characterized. Compared with phenyl-substituted TATP-BP, TATC-BP with hexyl substituents showed a clearer MCL with a larger emission color change from 483 to 542 nm upon mechanical grinding. On the other hand, the solution processed nondoped OLED of TATP-BP showed a better EL performance with a maximal current efficiency of 18.9 cd A−1, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 6.0%, and a remarkable small roll-off of 3.3% in EQE even at a luminance of 1000 cd m−2.

Triazatruxene-based small molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence, aggregation-induced emission and mechanochromic luminescence properties for solution-processable nondoped OLEDs

Mechanochromic luminescence (ML), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), aggregation-induced emission (AIE), and electroluminescence (EL) properties are combined in a single organic molecule, 2-(carbazol-9-yl)-anthraquinone (Cz-AQ). Through controlling film formation in different solvents, the solution-processed nondoped devices utilizing Cz-AQ as the emitter exhibit bicolour emission with peaks at 600 and 680 nm, respectively.

Bicolour electroluminescence of 2-(carbazol-9-yl)anthraquinone based on a solution process

The microRNA (miRNA) has a unique physiological regulation function in tissues, thus its expression level can reflect the development of various diseases. Nevertheless, due to the low-abundance and high-homologous similarity of miRNA, the precise detection of miRNA remained a challenge. Herein, a CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted multi-amplification strategy-mediated programmable miRNA (Cas-Master) biosensor was constructed based on photoelectrochemistry (PEC) and colorimetry (CM). Initially, by employing the rolling circle amplification (RCA), the miRNA was transformed into the long single-stranded DNA with a large repetitive sequence region, which specifically triggered the Cas12a’s trans-cleavage performance. Afterwards, the activated-Cas12a randomly cleaved the trigger strands of hybridization chain reaction (HCR). Thus, Cas12a was used as the medium of RCA and HCR reaction to form the multi-amplification circuit. Then, the glucose oxidase (GOx) was combined with β-CD@AuNPs and NH 2 -MIL-88B (Fe) nanozyme to form dual-cascade system for PEC and CM response, respectively. Both the PEC and CM signal showed linear relationship with the logarithm of the miRNA concentrations from 1 fM to 100 nM with the limit of detection of 0.3 fM (PEC) and 0.5 fM (CM). Furthermore, through the programmed design of the RCA reaction, the Cas-Master can be applied to recognize different types of miRNAs. Besides, a portable device was constructed based on Cas-Master, providing a new solution to expand the Cas12a-based platform into areas of point-of-care test (POCT) and early disease diagnosis. • Cas12a was used as the medium of RCA and HCR to form the multi-amplification circuit. • Glucose oxidase induced dual-cascade system to realize PEC and colorimetry detection. • The programmed design of the RCA reaction can recognize different types of miRNAs. • A portable device was constructed for the POCT of miRNAs with high specificity. 

Programmable readout sensor for microRNA: CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted multi-amplification strategy activated photoelectrochemistry-colorimetry detection

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a key xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug metabolism and drug-drug interaction (DDI). Herein, an effective strategy was used to rationally construct a practical two-photon fluorogenic substrate for hCYP3A4. Following two-round structure-based substrate discovery and optimization, we have successfully constructed a hCYP3A4 fluorogenic substrate (F8) with desirable features, including high binding affinity, rapid response, excellent isoform specificity, and low cytotoxicity. Under physiological conditions, F8 is readily metabolized by hCYP3A4 to form a brightly fluorescent product (4-OH F8) that can be easily detected by various fluorescence devices. The practicality of F8 for real-time sensing and functional imaging of hCYP3A4 has been examined in tissue preparations, living cells, and organ slices. F8 also demonstrates good performance for high-throughput screening of hCYP3A4 inhibitors and assessing DDI potentials in vivo. Collectively, this study develops an advanced molecular tool for sensing CYP3A4 activities in biological systems, which strongly facilitates CYP3A4-associated fundamental and applied research studies.

Rationally Engineered CYP3A4 Fluorogenic Substrates for Functional Imaging Analysis and Drug-Drug Interaction Studies.

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Bicolour electroluminescence of 2-(carbazol-9-yl)anthraquinone based on a solution process

Programmable readout sensor for microRNA: CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted multi-amplification strategy activated photoelectrochemistry-colorimetry detection

Rationally Engineered CYP3A4 Fluorogenic Substrates for Functional Imaging Analysis and Drug-Drug Interaction Studies.