It is widely known that microplastics are present everywhere and they pose certain risks to the ecosystem and humans which are partly attributed to the leaching of additives and chemicals from them. However, the leaching mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This review paper aims to comprehensively and critically illustrate the leaching mechanisms in biotic and abiotic environments. It analyzes and synthesizes the factors influencing the leaching processes. It achieves the aims by reviewing >165 relevant scholarly papers published mainly in the past 10 years. According to this review, flame retardants, plasticizers and antioxidants are the three main groups of additives in microplastics with the potentials to disrupt endocrine functions, reproduction, brain development and kidney functions. Upon ingestion, the MPs are exposed to digestive fluids containing enzymes and acids which facilitate their degradation and leaching of chemicals. Fats and oils in the digestive tracts also aid the leaching and transport of these chemicals particularly the fat-soluble ones. Leaching is highly variable depending on chemical properties and bisphenols leach to a larger extent than other endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, the rates of leaching remain poorly understood, owing probably to multiple factors at play. Diffusion and partitioning are two main mechanisms of leaching in biotic and abiotic environments. Photodegradation is more predominant in the latter, generating reactive oxygen species which cause microplastic aging and leaching with minimal destruction of the chemicals leached. Effects of microplastic sizes on leaching are governed by Sherwood number, thickness of aqueous boundary layer and desorption half-life. This review contributes to better understanding of leaching of chemicals from microplastics which affect their ecotoxicities and human toxicity. 

Leaching of chemicals from microplastics: A review of chemical types, leaching mechanisms and influencing factors.

Intumescent transparent coatings consisting of allyl-functionalized phosphonitrile (HABP), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (TMMP) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) were prepared via photo-induced thiol-ene reactions without photoinitiator, and then fabricated onto wood surfaces to achieve both flame retardancy and hydrophobicity. The effects of PFDT content on the waterproof and fire prevention of the samples were investigated. The chemical structure of the HABP was characterized with FTIR, NMR and HRMS techniques. The surface compositions and transparency of the coatings were characterized by XPS and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The sample could pass the UL-94 V-0 test and the double bond conversion (DCC=C) of the corresponding coating reached 93.3%. Results showed that the more the coating contained PFDT, the better the coated samples exhibited hydrophobicity and flame retardancy. From a broader perspective, thiol-ene reactions without initiators are showing significant potentialities for rapidly designing functional coatings on wood substrates, which will be develop more functional coatings for other application fields.

Construction of intumescent flame retardant and hydrophobic coating on wood substrates based on thiol-ene click chemistry without photoinitiators

Effects of complex pollution by microplastics and heavy metals on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities under alternate wetting and drying conditions.

The protection of wood surfaces against water is a primary requirement to enhance their life-time and durability. In this article, a hydrophobic surface modification of selected hardwood surfaces (including high-density (HD) and low-density (LD) samples) is presented, by coating them with waterborne imidized nanoparticles under pure conditions or with vegetable oil. The performance of both nanoparticle coatings relative to noncoated and oil-coated samples was evaluated by water contact angles, microscopy, and optical profilometry. The pure nanoparticle coatings often increase the hydrophobicity, but they do not yet form a fully protective layer due to their porous structure after drying. The nanoparticle coatings with vegetable oil form a continuous layer with a maximum contact angle of 118°. The coating formation highly depends on the wood density (and resulting surface porosity), resulting in spreading of the aqueous dispersion on HD wood and penetration on LD wood. A thin continuous nanoparticle coating with incorporated vegetable oil provides highest contact angles, as the roughness of the original wood fibers remains visible in the surface profile.

Performance of organic nanoparticle coatings for hydrophobization of hardwood surfaces

Adsorption behaviors of chlorpyrifos on UV aged microplastics.

Identification of the aged microplastics film and its sorption of antibiotics and bactericides in aqueous and soil compartments.

A layer of sword-like super-hydrophobic film was fabricated on wood surface through an alkaline hydrothermal method. The super-hydrophobic property of the wood surface was measured by contact angle measurements (CA). The microstructure and chemical composition of the super-hydrophobic film was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Analytical characterization revealed that the micro-scale roughness sword-like particles uniformly erect on the wood surface and create the rough surface. Also, a monolayer of stearic acid was adsorbed on the rough surface which contributes to reduce the surface energy. With the combination of roughness and low surface energy of wood surface, the wood has turned its wetting property from hydrophilic into super-hydrophobic with a water contact angle 151o, and the sliding angle is about 5o.

An Alkaline Hydrothermal Method to Synthesize Super-Hydrophobic Wood

Density functional calculation of adsorption and dissociation of PbPo molecule on Pd(100), Pd(110) and Pd(111) surfaces

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Identification of the aged microplastics film and its sorption of antibiotics and bactericides in aqueous and soil compartments.

An Alkaline Hydrothermal Method to Synthesize Super-Hydrophobic Wood

Density functional calculation of adsorption and dissociation of PbPo molecule on Pd(100), Pd(110) and Pd(111) surfaces