A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics: Outlook

In distributed photovoltaic systems, solar panels are placed in adequate lighting place, for example civil roof, which leads to the difficulty of monitoring. In this paper, we present a monitoring system to observe the stability and performance of the photovoltaic by data analysis. For solar cells, there are some data collectors, which will be connected to specific ZigBee devices to transmit the monitoring data to web server. The collected data will be analyzed and presented by web server. Specific users can monitor the data on mobile phones and personal computers through data releasing on web page by Ajax and Html (the Hypertext Markup Language) technology. In the process, the open source Linux operating system has been selected as the development platform, on which the open source BOA is deployed as web server. In the process of data transmitting, a simple and effective data protocol is adopted to evaluate the system performance. Through the remote monitoring, a lot of human and material sources are saved. Experiments show that ZigBee networking is an ideal solution to distributed solar cells monitoring and the monitoring system runs effectively.

Remote monitoring system for distributed photovoltaic based on ZigBee

Canopies are major part of plant photosynthesis and have distinct architectural elements such as tree crowns, whorls, branches, shoots, etc By measuring canopy structural parameters, the solar radiation interception, photosynthesis effects and the spatio-temporal distribution of solar radiation under the canopy can be evaluated Among canopy structure parameters, Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the key one Leaf area index is a crucial variable in agronomic and environmental studies, because of its importance for estimating the amount of radiation intercepted by the canopy and the crop water requirements The LAI can be achieved by hemispheric images which are obtained below the canopy with high accuracy and effectiveness But existing hemispheric images canopy-LAI measurement technique is based on digital SLR camera with a fisheye lens Users need to collect hemispheric image manually The SLR camera with fisheye lens is not suit for long-term canopy-LAI outdoor measurement too And the high cost of SLR limits its capacity In recent years, with the development of embedded system and image processing technology, low cost remote canopy hemispheric image acquisition technology is becoming possible In this paper, we present a remote hemispheric canopy image acquisition system with in-field/host configuration In-field node based on imbed platform, low cost image sensor and fisheye lens is designed to achieve hemispherical image of plant canopy at distance with low cost Solar radiation and temperature/humidity data, which are important for evaluating image data validation, are obtained for invalid hemispherical image elimination and node maintenance too Host computer interacts with in-field node by 3G network The hemispherical image calibration and super resolution are used to improve image quality in host computer Results show that the remote canopy image collection system can make low cost remote canopy image acquisition for LAI effectively It will be a potential technology candidate for low-cost remote canopy hemispherical image collection to measure canopy LAI

Remote canopy hemispherical image collection system

To study the operating characteristics about PV cells, attention must be given to the dynamic behavior of the solar radiation. The dynamic behaviors of annual, monthly, daily and hourly averages of solar radiation have been studied in detail. But faster dynamic behaviors of solar radiation need more researches. The solar radiation random fluctuations in minute-long or second-long range, which lead to alternating radiation and cool down/warm up PV cell frequently, decrease conversion efficiency. Fast dynamic processes of solar radiation are mainly relevant to stochastic moving of clouds. Even in clear sky condition, the solar irradiations show a certain degree of fast variation. To evaluate operating characteristics of PV cells under fast dynamic irradiation, a solar radiation measuring array (SRMA) based on large active area photodiode, LoRa spread spectrum communication and nanoWatt MCU is proposed. This cross photodiodes structure tracks fast stochastic moving of clouds. To compensate response time of pyranometer and reduce system cost, the terminal nodes with low-cost fast-responded large active area photodiode are placed besides positions of tested PV cells. A central node, consists with pyranometer, large active area photodiode, wind detector and host computer, is placed in the center of the central topologies coordinate to scale temporal envelope of solar irradiation and get calibration information between pyranometer and large active area photodiodes. In our SRMA system, the terminal nodes are designed based on Microchip’s nanoWatt XLP PIC16F1947. FDS-100 is adopted for large active area photodiode in terminal nodes and host computer. The output current and voltage of each PV cell are monitored by I/V measurement. AS62-T27/SX1278 LoRa communication modules are used for communicating between terminal nodes and host computer. Because the LoRa LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) specification provides seamless interoperability among Smart Things without the need of complex local installations, configuring of our SRMA system is very easy. Lora also provides SRMA a means to overcome the short communication distance and weather signal propagation decline such as in ZigBee and WiFi. The host computer in SRMA system uses the low power single-board PC EMB-3870 which was produced by NORCO. Wind direction sensor SM5386B and wind-force sensor SM5387B are installed to host computer through RS-485 bus for wind reference data collection. And Davis 6450 solar radiation sensor, which is a precision instrument that detects radiation at wavelengths of 300 to 1100 nanometers, allow host computer to follow real-time solar radiation. A LoRa polling scheme is adopt for the communication between host computer and terminal nodes in SRMA. An experimental SRMA has been established. This system was tested in Ganyu, Jiangshu province from May to August, 2016. In the test, the distances between the nodes and the host computer were between 100m and 1900m. At work, SRMA system showed higher reliability. Terminal nodes could follow the instructions from host computer and collect solar radiation data of distributed PV cells effectively. And the host computer managed the SRAM and achieves reference parameters well. Communications between the host computer and terminal nodes were almost unaffected by the weather. In conclusion, the testing results show that SRMA could be a capable method for fast dynamic measuring about solar radiation and related PV cell operating characteristics.

Distributed solar radiation fast dynamic measurement for PV cells

Plant canopies structures are important biophysical parameters required in many ecological and climate models. To obtain precise canopies characteristic, the radiation distribution in forest gap should be tracing. In this paper, a radiation transmission measuring method with gyroscope correction for forest gap radiation distribution measurement is present. And a Zigbee wireless network is imbedded for communicating between portable full-trace radiation detector and host computer. Using the solar beam as a probe, the measuring nodes collect radiation distribution in forest gap. Because the constant pace of operator in forest and other outdoor occasion is hard to validate, radiation distribution curves suffer some error. We present a Forest radiation distribution meter with Gyro correction for TRAC measuring. In this meter, A Gyroscope records transect route data and provide speed correction for canopy gaps curve in tracing route. A Microchip PIC16F877 MCU is employed for radiation data collection. The collected data is sent to central station by Zigbee wireless network or CF376 in-line USB flash drives/SD card. Solar radiation spike data and other environment parameters (Temperature and Humidity) are sampled simultaneously. So the gap removal processes suffer less error. A portable node provides full-trace radiation distribution. Host computer can get potential relationship in tracing-line LAI and FPAR and compute them in long-term. A portable full-trace radiation detector and host computer is tested. The experimental results show our design could be a competitive candidate for radiation distribution measurement for forest plant canopies tracing.

Radiation distribution measurement for forest plant canopies tracing

With the explosive growth in the solar industry, it has intensified the need for test and measurement solutions that can
quickly and accurately collected characteristics of solar cells and modules. A low-cost out-door solar cell in-line
measurement is presented. It provides distributed working parameters collecting for solar cells in each node. And a
Zigbee wireless network is imbedded for communicating between measuring node, central station and host computer.
The measuring nodes collect working parameters of solar cell, such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, max
power point, shunt/series resistance and so on. In each node, 3-4 solar cells can be measured simultaneously. A Microchip PIC16F690 MCU is employed for I-V curve controlling and measuring by adjusting internal programmable voltage reference. The collected data is sent to central station by Zigbee wireless network. Solar illumination amplitude and ambient temperature are measured in central station, and data from measuring node is forward to host computer by central station too. Host computer get related data and compute fill factor and other important parameters of solar cells in long-term.

Low-cost outdoor solar cells in-line measurement with Zigbee

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Radiation distribution measurement for forest plant canopies tracing

Low-cost outdoor solar cells in-line measurement with Zigbee