Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatics or polyarenes are a major (by-)product fraction of multiple classical, waste, and bio-refinery operations. They have an extremely negative environmental impact, a minimal market, and a lowering demand. Parallelly, lowly alkylated single ring arenes or monoaromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes, the so-called BTX fraction) are highly demanded due to their applications as chemicals or fuels. Herein, we review the status of applied polyaromatic selective ring-opening (SRO) by hydrocracking into monoaromatics. This review addresses the involved mechanisms, applicable catalysts, and reported modeling approaches for SRO. Applying the multivariate analysis to the results reported in the literature using model molecules, we showcase the limitations for extrapolating the obtained knowledge to realistic polyaromatic stream processing. We also provide a statistical evaluation of the suitability of several polyaromatic streams for their SRO processing and assess the markets, usage, and production routes for monocyclic aromatics. Finally, the technologies of these processes are also evaluated and compared, while the most promising one is discussed further based on process simulations and a techno-economic assessment. 

Selective ring-opening of polycyclic to monocyclic aromatics: A data- and technology-oriented critical review

It is crucial to develop effective heterogeneous catalysts for the production of decalin as a high-density liquid hydrogen storage material from naphthalene hydrogenation. In this work, hollow hierarchical Pt/Hβ catalysts with ultrafine Pt particles were successfully synthesized successfully. The construction of hollow cavity optimized the metal-support interaction and reduced the resistance of mass diffusion. The ultrafine Pt species could expose more active sites for effective hydrogenation of naphthalene. The optimized Pt/Hβ-2 with hollow structure catalyst displayed the remarkable catalytic performance with the naphthalene conversion of 94.2 % and the decalin yield of 81.4 % at 220 °C, which was superior to the reaction performance of the catalysts reported in the literature under similar reaction condition. Besides, Pt/Hβ-2 presents higher turnover frequency (25.4 h−1) and reaction rate constant (9.9 × 10-3 min−1), which is because of the relatively low activation energy (30.86 kJ mol−1) for the naphthalene hydrogenation. 

Ultrafine Pt particles on hollow hierarchical porous β zeolites for selective hydrogenation of naphthalene

Selective hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) and 2,5dimethylfuran (DMF) were explored by regulating the nanosized Pt on Co/Al2O3 catalysts. Characterization results revealed that the catalyst acidity was influenced by adjusting the Co/Pt composition, while the addition of more Pt loading on Co/Al2O3 catalysts resulted in a facilitation of H2 reduction process. Lower size of catalyst particles was obtained for the Co‐Pt system in comparison to the monometallic Co/Al2O3 catalyst. Additionally, the structural characterizations by XRD, XANES, and XPS established the co‐existences between metallic Pt0/Co0 and oxophilic PtO2/CoOx, acting as the active components for the reactions. Operated under a full HMF conversion, the Co1Pt0.050Al catalyst with high Pt loading gave >99.9% BHMF selectivity at 40 oC; whereas, an 86.7% of DMF selectivity was noticeable over low Pt loading of the Co1Pt0.013Al catalyst at 160 oC. This investigation evidenced that the selective production of BHMF or DMF towards hydro‐conversion of HMF was relied on the amount of Pt contents on Co/Al2O3 catalyst, in which the metal sizes and acidity had meaningful effects on the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes.

Regulation of Pt Loading on Co/Al2O3 Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and 2,5‐Dimethylfuran

Internals within reactors play an important role in the chemical industry, and numerous studies focus on their investigation and development. This review discusses the application of internals in both conventional and Process Intensification (PI) units, including stirred tanks, fluidized beds, bubble columns, tubular vessels, trickle beds, spinning discs, rotating packed beds, rotating fluidized beds, and microreactors. It emphasizes enhancing mass and heat transfer through internals such as baffles, packing, heat exchange elements, and wall modifications. Recurring themes include phase distribution, interfacial area, slip velocities, heat transfer, and pressure drop. While internals offer benefits, challenges such as fouling and catalyst attrition are acknowledged, yet often under-quantified. Practical aspects, including manufacturing and safety, are often overlooked. The review highlights the urgent need for comprehensive evaluations, incorporating detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental studies. Based on previous research, this work aims to provide insights into innovative reactor designs that ultimately lead to optimal efficiency and energy balance in chemical processes. 

Advances in design of Internals: Applications in Conventional and Process Intensification Units

The invention discloses a preparation method of a compound bacterium agent for degrading phosphorus and belongs to the field of preparation of phosphorous reducing bacterium agents. According to the method, common activated sludge is used as a matrix for culture of activated sludge strains, active bio-enzymes mainly containing protease, lipase and cellulose are added in a culture medium manner during strain culture, so that active bio-enzymes combine and react with active microorganisms, a preservative chemical agent is added for separation and curing of the active strains when the activity of active microorganism strains and the active enzymes is cultured to the optimal state, and the activity is sealed up for safekeeping. The mechanism and activity of the active microorganisms and the active enzymes cannot be damaged during separation and curing, the activity can be recovered quickly when the strains of the active microorganisms and the active enzymes are dissolved and released in water again, and the strains can be quickly combined in other active microorganisms to grow and reproduce. The initial debugging time of biological treatment of activated sludge can be shortened and the nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect can be realized quickly.

Preparation method of compound bacterium agent for degrading phosphorus

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological engineering and environment engineering, and relates to a facultative denitrification phosphate-removing bacterium with synchronous denitrifying phosphorus and nitrogen removal function and application thereof. A provided bacillus cereus P1K bacterial strain is preserved in China Center for Type Culture Collection since 2nd, December, 2013, and the preservation number is CCTCC NO: M2013625. The bacterial strain is capable of synchronously performing denitrifying nitrogen removal and phosphorus removal, has relatively high denitrifying capability and excess phosphorus intake capability, is capable of reducing consumption and utilization of carbon source and oxygen by the bacterium, and is extremely applicable to urban sewage treatment with relatively low organics content, no carbon source needs adding, the technology is simple, the cost is low, and the facultative denitrification phosphate-removing bacterium is relatively safe and has relatively high practical value.

Facultative denitrification phosphate-removing bacterium with synchronous denitrifying phosphorus and nitrogen removal function and application thereof

/pdf/influence-of-nutrient-factors-on-phosphorus-accumulating-2lp11wsns8.pdf

Influence of nutrient factors on phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) Bacillus sp. PK1

Hydrogenation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in a Trickle Bed Reactor

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Facultative denitrification phosphate-removing bacterium with synchronous denitrifying phosphorus and nitrogen removal function and application thereof

Influence of nutrient factors on phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) Bacillus sp. PK1

Hydrogenation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in a Trickle Bed Reactor