The evolution of nanomaterial in science has brought about a growing increase in nanotechnology, biomedicine, and engineering fields. This study was aimed at fabrication and characterization of conjugated gold-cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Au-CSCaCO3NPs) for biomedical application. The synthetic technique employed used gold nanoparticle citrate reduction method and a simple precipitation method coupled with mechanical use of a Programmable roller-ball mill. The synthesized conjugated nanomaterial was characterized for its physicochemical properties using transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). However, the intricacy of cellular mechanisms can prove challenging for nanomaterial like Au-CSCaCO3NPs and thus, the need for cytotoxicity assessment. The obtained spherical-shaped nanoparticles (light-green purplish) have an average diameter size of 35 ± 16 nm, high carbon and oxygen composition. The conjugated nanomaterial, also possesses a unique spectra for aragonite polymorph and carboxylic bond significantly supporting interactions between conjugated nanoparticles. The negative surface charge and spectra absorbance highlighted their stability. The resultant spherical shaped conjugated Au-CSCaCO3NPs could be a great nanomaterial for biomedical applications.

/pdf/fabrication-characterization-and-cytotoxicity-of-spherical-1oiycfkuhj.pdf

Fabrication, Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Spherical-Shaped Conjugated Gold-Cockle Shell Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Pancreatic cancer, one of the top two most fatal cancers, is characterized by a desmoplastic reaction that creates a dense microenvironment, promoting hypoxia and inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to facilitate invasion and metastasis. Recent evidence indicates that the long noncoding RNA NORAD may be a potential oncogenic gene and that this lncRNA is significantly upregulated during hypoxia. However, the overall biological role and clinical significance of NORAD remains largely unknown. NORAD expression was measured in 33 paired cancerous and noncancerous tissue samples by real-time PCR. The effects of NORAD on pancreatic cancer cells were studied by overexpression and knockdown in vitro. Insights into the mechanism of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) were gained from bioinformatics analyses and luciferase assays. In vivo, metastatic potential was identified using an orthotopic model of PDAC and quantified using bioluminescent signals. Alterations in RhoA expression and EMT levels were identified and verified by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. NORAD is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and upregulated in hypoxic conditions. NORAD upregulation is correlated with shorter overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients. Furthermore, NORAD overexpression promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, while NORAD depletion inhibited EMT and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. In particular, NORAD may function as a ceRNA to regulate the expression of the small GTP binding protein RhoA through competition for hsa-miR-125a-3p, thereby promoting EMT. Elevated expression of NORAD in pancreatic cancer tissues is linked to poor prognosis and may confer a malignant phenotype upon tumor cells. NORAD may function as a ceRNA to regulate the expression of the small GTP binding protein RhoA through competition for hsa-miR-125a-3p. This finding may contribute to a better understanding of the role played by lncRNAs in hypoxia-induced EMT and provide a potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

/pdf/long-noncoding-rna-norad-a-novel-competing-endogenous-rna-3bgbtrb8bu.pdf

Long noncoding RNA NORAD, a novel competing endogenous RNA, enhances the hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote metastasis in pancreatic cancer.

Recent advances in theranostic polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment: A review.

Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, and medicine

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0963689719893950

Screening Hub Genes as Prognostic Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Bioinformatics Analysis.

Although advancements in medical technology supporting cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival, these technologies still have limitations. Recently, the application of noninvasive imaging for cancer diagnosis and therapy has become an indispensable component in clinical practice. However, current imaging contrasts and tracers, which are in widespread clinical use, have their intrinsic limitations and disadvantages. Nanotechnologies, which have improved in vivo detection and enhanced targeting efficiency for cancer, may overcome some of the limitations of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Theranostic nanoparticles have great potential as a therapeutic model, which possesses the ability of their nanoplatforms to load targeted molecule for both imaging and therapeutic functions. The resulting nanosystem will likely be critical with the growth of personalized medicine because of their diagnostic potential, effectiveness as a drug delivery vehicle, and ability to oversee patient response to therapy. In this review, we discuss the achievements of modern nanoparticles with the goal of accurate tumor imaging and effective treatment and discuss the future prospects.

/pdf/molecular-imaging-of-cancer-with-nanoparticle-based-2vt4nfo3ct.pdf

Molecular Imaging of Cancer with Nanoparticle-Based Theranostic Probes

Background and aim Hypercalcemia is a potentially fatal and not rare complication of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in blood; parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was the most frequent cause of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy; parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is the common receptor for PTH and PTHrP. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of PTH, PTHrP, and PTH1R in HCC tissues, and their relationship with clinical pathological characters in HCC. Methods First, a meta-analysis based on online Oncomine Expression Array database was conducted to compare the different mRNA expression of PTH1R, PTH and PTHrP between hepatocellular carcinoma and normal tissues. Then, the protein expression level of differentially expressed gene was examined by immunohistochemistry staining in 223 HCC tissues and 102 non-tumorous liver tissues controls. The relationship between the protein expression and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed by χ2 test, and overall survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results PTH1R mRNA expression was significantly lower in HCC tissues compared with normal tissues, while the expression of PTH and PTHrP showed no significant difference between HCC tissues and normal tissues. High PTH1R protein expression was found in 90/102 cases of adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues, and in 91 of 223 cases of HCC tissues. PTH1R expression was significantly related to tumor size, Edmondson Grade, AFP, and overall survival. Conclusions PTH1R may be the major cause of hypercalcemia in HCC, and the decreased PTH1R expression was a poor prognosis in HCC.

Decreased expression of PTH1R is a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

AUTS2 is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients with liver metastases.

Aims:Lysine acetyltransferase 6B (KAT6B), is a histone acetyltransferase implicated to have a role in tumor suppression. However, the relationship between KAT6B and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) i...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/15330338211033063

Low Expression of KAT6B May Affect Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background and aim: ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein 1 (Zwint-1), one of the major kinetochore proteins, is essential for kinetochore function, such as spindle assembly checkpoint function and kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Recently, it has been found over-expressed in some human cancers, including ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. However, few studies of the expression of Zwint-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported. This study is aimed to investigate the expression of Zwint-1 and its relationship with clinical pathological characters in HCC. Methods: The expression of Zwint-1 protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining on tissue microarrays containing 171 HCC tissues and 187 control non-tumorous liver tissues. The relationships between the Zwint-1 expression and the clinicopathological parameters, and survival analysis were investigated using SPSS software 13.0. Results: Zwint-1 was found uniformly expressed in adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues (184/187, 98.40%), while was significantly decreased in HCC tissues, or even absent (150 of 171, 61.82%, P<0.001). The expression of Zwint-1 was negatively associated with age, tumor size, and Edmondson Grade. Besides, HCC patients with low Zwint-1 expression were also correlated with poor overall survival of the patients. Conclusions: Decreased expression of Zwint-1 was associated with poor prognosis in HCC.

Decreased expression of Zwint-1 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

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