Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of pairs of fermionic atoms in an ultracold 6Li gas at magnetic fields above a Feshbach resonance, where no stable 6Li2 molecules would exist in vacuum. We accurately determined the position of the resonance to be 822+/-3 G. Molecular Bose-Einstein condensates were detected after a fast magnetic field ramp, which transferred pairs of atoms at close distances into bound molecules. Condensate fractions as high as 80% were obtained. The large condensate fractions are interpreted in terms of preexisting molecules which are quasistable even above the two-body Feshbach resonance due to the presence of the degenerate Fermi gas.

Condensation of Pairs of Fermionic Atoms Near a Feshbach Resonance

Recently, several groups,1-4 have used photoassociation of ultracold atoms to study transitions from free atoms to bound molecules. Photoassociative spectroscopy involves illuminating a collection of laser cooled and trapped atoms with a tunable probe laser. When the probe laser is resonant with transition to an excited molecular state, molecules are formed and detected either by ionizing the molecules or by monitoring changes in the number of trapped atoms.

Spectroscopy of Na2 by photoassociation of laser cooled Na

We demonstrate experimentally a procedure to obtain the maximum efficiency for the storage and retrieval of light pulses in atomic media. The procedure uses time-reversal to obtain optimal input signal pulse shapes. Experimental results in warm Rb vapor are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and demonstrate a substantial improvement of efficiency. This optimization procedure is applicable to a wide range of systems.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/DAMOP08/MWS_DAMOP08-2008-000192.pdf

Optimal control of light pulse storage and retrieval

We study the performance and limitations of a coherent interface between collective atomic states and single photons. A quantized spin-wave excitation of an atomic sample inside an optical resonator is prepared probabilistically, stored, and adiabatically converted on demand into a sub-Poissonian photonic excitation of the resonator mode. The measured peak single-quantum conversion efficiency of $\ensuremath{\chi}=0.84(11)$ and its dependence on various parameters are well described by a simple model of the mode geometry and multilevel atomic structure, pointing the way towards implementing high-performance stationary single-photon sources.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR07/MWS_MAR07-2006-007573.pdf

Interfacing Collective Atomic Excitations and Single Photons

The experimental realization of atomic Bose-Einstein condensation at ultracold temperature has led to rapid advances in creating and manipulating cold molecules, and which has given birth to a new research field of quantum matter-wave superchemistry Contrary to the classical Arrhenius law, the tunneling-dominated ultracold reactions can be realized through the highly-controlled magneto-optical technique Novel quantum effects have been identified in these cold reactions, such as the super-selectivity rule in dissociating triatomic molecules, and the quantum size (vessel-shape) effect In this review, we focus on a variety of new achievements in this fascinating matter-wave wonderland, including the quantum finite-number effect and double-slit interference in assembling cold molecules, the quantum noise in triggering collective abstraction reaction, and the magnetic phase transition in a laser-catalyzed quantum spin-mixing gas The practical applications of matter-wave superchemistry are also introduced, such as the optical information storage via quantum photo-association, and the laser-enhanced creation of spinor or even chiral molecules

Quantum superchemistry of de Broglie waves: New wonderland at ultracold temperature

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Quantum superchemistry of de Broglie waves: New wonderland at ultracold temperature