Severe zinc dendrite growth is a formidable challenge in aqueous zinc-ion batteries during repeated cycles because of the uneven distribution of electric fields on a post-stripping zinc anode. Herein, we demonstrate a totally new nucleation mechanism by introducing cations with high valence (Ce3+ and La3+) into the electrolyte to homogenize electric fields and regulate the zinc deposition behavior. Intriguingly, a detailed evolution investigation of surface morphology discloses that zinc nucleation shifts to progressive nucleation via the preferential adsorption of cation additives from instantaneous nucleation in the addtive-free electrolyte, thereby resulting in the stable zinc stripping/plating behavior. A symmetric cell with 0.01 M Ce2(SO4)3 can be cycled at 5 A g−1 with a lower voltage hysteresis of 83.3 mV for more than 700 h, which is remarkably longer than that of the pristine one (282 h). A higher capacity retention of Zn//NaV3O8·1.5H2O cell (87.0%) after 250 cycles at 5 A g−1 is also achieved in comparison with that in addtive-free electrolyte (68.1%). This work provides new and deep insights into the effects of cation adsorption on zinc nucleation.

A progressive nucleation mechanism enables stable zinc stripping–plating behavior

A Ni-WC coating was fabricated successively on a copper substrate by laser. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance were investigated. The thickness of Ni-WC coating was 0.65 mm and average hardness of strengthening layer was 667HV0.1, which was approximately 7.8 times higher than the hardness of copper substrate. The wear volume of Ni-WC coating was only 0.014 mm3, which was only 1.02% wear volume of copper substrate. The decrease in wear volume was mainly due to presence of reinforced phases, such as γ-Ni, Cr0.19Fe0.7Ni0.11, M7C3, M23C6 and WC. In addition, there was no coating peeled off after 100 times trials of heat shock resistance experiment at 800℃. The experimental results show that this Ni-WC coating has a good metallurgical bonding strength and hardness, and it also has good wear resistance and high temperature property, which is helpful to improve the service life of mould copper plate.

Wear and heat shock resistance of Ni-WC coating on mould copper plate fabricated by laser

Stratified Zinc-Binding Strategy toward Prolonged Cycling and Flexibility of Aqueous Fibrous Zinc Metal Batteries

Unraveling the Rate-Dependent Stability of Metal Anodes and Its Implication in Designing Cycling Protocol

Wear behavior of laser cladded WC-reinforced Ni-based coatings under low temperature

Ni–Co alloy and Ni–Co–Y2O3 multiple coatings refined with nano-Y2O3 particles were fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical deposition in an acid sulfamate bath. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were applied to investigate the nucleation/growth process of composite coatings in co-deposition. The LSV results indicated that the incorporation of nano-Y2O3 particles with the Ni–Co matrix shifted the initial deposition potential to a more positive potential and decreased cathodic polarization. For both coatings, the nucleation/growth process approximately agreed with the Scharifker–Hill instantaneous nucleation model. Nucleation parameters, including active nucleation sites (N0) and nucleation rate (A) of the composite, were higher when the measured potential range was between −1.05 V (vs. SCE) and −1.20 V vs. SCE, when compared with the Ni–Co alloy, and the observed AFM images of the coatings were in good agreement with the calculated nucleation parameters (using the Marquardt–Levenberg algorithm) of experimental curves. EIS testing indicated that the charge transfer resistance of the composite was lower in electrodeposition. The incorporation of nano-Y2O3 particles in the matrix changed the preferred orientation of coatings and produced a more uniform and compact deposit layer with finer grains.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/7/1124/pdf

Electrochemical Deposition and Nucleation/Growth Mechanism of Ni–Co–Y2O3 Multiple Coatings

Ni-Co duplex coatings were cladded onto Cu to improve the antiwear properties of Cu products. Prior to laser cladding, n-Al₂O₃/Ni layers were introduced as interlayers between laser cladding coatings and Cu substrates to improve the laser absorptivity of these substrates and ensure defect-free laser cladding coatings. The structure and morphology of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, and the phases of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Their hardness was measured using a microhardness tester. Experimental results showed that defect-free composite coatings were obtained and that the coatings were metallurgically bonded to the substrates. The surface of the Ni-Co duplex coatings comprised a Co-based solid solution, Cr₇C₃, (Fe,Ni)23C₆, and other strengthening phases. The microhardness and wear resistance of the duplex coatings were significantly improved compared with the Cu substrates. The average microhardness of the cladded coatings was 845.6 HV, which was approximately 8.2 times greater than that of the Cu substrates (102.6 HV). The volume loss of the Cu substrates was approximately 7.5 times greater than that of the Ni-Co duplex coatings after 60 min of sliding wear testing. The high hardness of and lack of defects in the Ni-Co duplex coatings reduced the plastic deformation and adhesive wear of the Cu substrates, resulting in improved wear properties.

/pdf/microstructure-and-antiwear-property-of-laser-cladding-ni-co-521hg4yeic.pdf

Microstructure and Antiwear Property of Laser Cladding Ni-Co Duplex Coating on Copper.

Microstructure and properties of Ni-WC gradient composite coating prepared by laser cladding

One of the primary failure modes of 45 steel is severe surface wear, which significantly raises its application cost. In order to improve the wear resistance, high-hardness Fe-based alloy coatings with varying boron contents were prepared on 45 steel substrates by preplaced-powder laser cladding in this study. The effect of boron content on the phase composition and microstructural evolution of the coatings were systematically studied. The proportion, morphology, and distribution characteristics of boride phases in the coatings were discussed in detail. The results demonstrated that the Fe-based alloy coatings with different boron contents were composed of α-Fe, Cr7C3, and Fe2B phases. The boron content had a significant influence on the morphology and proportion of the boride phases. With the increase of boron content, the proportion of boride phases gradually increased and the morphology transition was reticular → cluster-shape → long strip-shape → plate-shape. The composition analysis revealed that the boride was Cr-rich Fe2B phase and the content of Cr in the borides increased with the boron content of the coating. The addition of boron could effectively improve the hardness and wear resistance of the Fe-based coatings, which could be attributed to the boride hard phases in the microstructures. The coating with 6.0 wt% B exhibited the highest microhardness and least amount of wear loss. The wear mechanism of the coating with different boron contents was also discussed. 

Effect of boron on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of high-hardness Fe-based alloy coatings prepared by laser cladding

Benefiting from both one-dimensional (1D) morphology and alloy composition, metal alloy nanowires have been exploited as advanced electrocatalysts in various electrochemical processes. In this review, the synthesis approaches for metal alloy nanowires are classified into two categories: direct syntheses and syntheses based on preformed 1D nanostructures. Ligand systems that are of critical importance to the formation of alloy nanowires are summarized and reviewed, together with the strategies imposed to achieve the co-reduction of different metals. Meanwhile, different scenarios that form alloy nanowires from pre-synthesized 1D nanostructures are compared and contrasted. In addition, the characterization and electrocatalytic applications of metal alloy nanowires are briefly discussed.

Recent progress on the synthesis of metal alloy nanowires as electrocatalysts.

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