Crop yields are projected to decrease under future climate conditions, and recent research suggests that yields have already been impacted. However, current impacts on a diversity of crops subnationally and implications for food security remains unclear. Here, we constructed linear regression relationships using weather and reported crop data to assess the potential impact of observed climate change on the yields of the top ten global crops-barley, cassava, maize, oil palm, rapeseed, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugarcane and wheat at ~20,000 political units. We find that the impact of global climate change on yields of different crops from climate trends ranged from -13.4% (oil palm) to 3.5% (soybean). Our results show that impacts are mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa and Australia but generally positive in Latin America. Impacts in Asia and Northern and Central America are mixed. This has likely led to ~1% average reduction (-3.5 X 1013 kcal/year) in consumable food calories in these ten crops. In nearly half of food insecure countries, estimated caloric availability decreased. Our results suggest that climate change has already affected global food production.

/pdf/climate-change-has-likely-already-affected-global-food-31ly05u2i9.pdf

Climate change has likely already affected global food production.

The food sector is increasingly turning toward sustainability issues. A sustainable food system should provide sufficient, nutritious food for all within limited natural resources. Plant-based food...

Plant-based food and protein trend from a business perspective: markets, consumers, and the challenges and opportunities in the future

A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: Crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses

The effect of climate change across food systems: Implications for nutrition outcomes

Fourth National Climate Assessment

Food security—the ability to obtain and use sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food—is a fundamental
human need Climate change is very likely to affect global, regional, and local food security by disrupting food availability, decreasing access to food, and making food utilization more difficult

Food security exists “when all people at all times have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient,
safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” and
affects people through both under- and overconsumption Food security requires that food be simultaneously
(1) available—that it exist in a particular place at a particular time, (2) that people can access that food through economic or other means, (3) that people can utilize the food that is available and accessible to them, and (4) that each of these components be stable over time Constrictions within any of these components can result in food insecurity

Food is provisioned through a food system that manifests in diverse ways across the globe The food system
includes all activities related to producing, transporting, trading, storing, processing, packaging, wholesaling, retailing, consuming, and disposing of food Whether an individual food system includes few, many, or all of these elements, each is susceptible to risks from a changing climate

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased global greenhouse gas
concentrations; atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have risen from 280 parts per million (ppm) in the late
1700s to today’s level of about 400 ppm Concentrations continue to rise, though future levels depend on
choices and development pathways yet to be determined Additionally, the future condition of the food system
depends upon socioeconomic trajectories that are external to the food system itself For these reasons, a range
of possible emissions futures and socioeconomic pathways have been considered by this assessment

The Climate Change, Global Food Security, and US Food System assessment represents a consensus of authors and includes contributors from 19 Federal, academic, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental organizations in four countries, identifying climate-change effects on global food security through 2100, and analyzing the United States’ likely connections with that world

The assessment finds that climate change is likely to diminish continued progress on global food security
through production disruptions leading to local availability limitations and price increases, interrupted
transport conduits, and diminished food safety, among other causes The risks are greatest for the global poor
and in tropical regions In the near term, some high-latitude production export regions may benefit from
changes in climate

As part of a highly integrated global food system, consumers and producers in the United States are likely to be affected by these changes The type and price of food imports from other regions are likely to change, as
are export demands placed upon US producers and the transportation, processing, and storage systems that
enable global trade Demand for food and other types of assistance may increase, as may demand for advanced
technologies to manage changing conditions

Adaptation across the food system has great potential to manage climate-change effects on food security, and
the complexity of the food system offers multiple potential points of intervention for decision makers at every level, from households to nations and international governance structures However, effective adaptation is
subject to highly localized conditions and socioeconomic factors, and the technical feasibility of an adaptive
intervention is not necessarily a guarantee of its application if it is unaffordable or does not provide benefits within a relatively short time frame, particularly for smaller operations around the world with limited capacity for long-term investments The accurate identification of needs and vulnerabilities, and the effective targeting of adaptive practices and technologies across the full scope of the food system, are central to improving global food security in a changing climate

/pdf/climate-change-global-food-security-and-the-u-s-food-system-fea99x88y9.pdf

Climate Change, Global Food Security and the U.S. Food System

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Climate Change, Global Food Security and the U.S. Food System