In this article, a slow wave (SW) ridged half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (RHMSIW) combined with spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) structure is proposed. The SW feature is achieved by integrating the SSPP structure into the metal ridge of RHMSIW. Besides, the proposed structure has a compact lateral size because the ridge of the RHMSIW introduces a step capacitance in the waveguide. Due to the loading of the SSPP structure, the proposed RHMSIW-SSPP structure has the ability of strong electric field confinement. Compared with the RHMSIW structure, the proposed RHMSIW-SSPP structure has a low crosstalk feature. A prototype of the proposed RHMSIW-SSPP structure with band-pass 4.5–14 GHz is designed and fabricated under PCB process. The proposed RHMSIW-SSPP structure reduces the longitudinal size over 50% and the lateral width by 40% compared with the HMSIW, and reduces the longitudinal size over 50% and the transverse width by 70% compared with the SIW. Therefore, the proposed structure has potential applications in miniaturized microwave and RF systems.

A Slow Wave Ridged Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide With Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Spoof plasmonic metamaterials enable the transmission of electromagnetic energies with strong field confinement, opening new pathways to the miniaturization of devices for modern communications. The design of active, reconfigurable, and nonlinear devices for the efficient generation and guidance, dynamic modulation, and accurate detection of spoof surface plasmonic signals has become one of the major research directions in the field of spoof plasmonic metamaterials. In this article, we review recent progress in the studies on spoof surface plasmons with a special focus on the active spoof surface plasmonic devices and systems. Different design schemes are introduced, and the related applications including reconfigurable filters, high-resolution sensors for chemical and biological sensing, graphene-based attenuators, programmable and multi-functional devices, nonlinear devices, splitters, leaky-wave antennas and multi-scheme digital modulators are discussed. The presence of active SSPPs based on different design schemes makes it possible to dynamically control electromagnetic waves in real time. The promising future of active spoof plasmonic metamaterials in the communication systems is also speculated.

Active spoof plasmonics: from design to applications.

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are interactions between incident electromagnetic waves and free electrons on the metal-dielectric interface in the optical regime. To mimic SPPs in the microwave frequency, spoof SPPs (SSPPs) on ultrathin and flexible corrugated metallic strips were proposed and designed, which also inherit the advantages of lightweight, conformal, low profile, and easy integration with the traditional microwave circuits. In this paper, we review the recent development of SSPPs, including the basic concept, design principle, and applications along with the development from unwieldy waveguides to ultrathin transmission lines. The design schemes from passive and active devices to SSPP systems are presented respectively. For the passive SSPP devices, the related applications including filters, splitters, combiners, couplers, topological SSPPs, and radiations introduced. For the active SSPP devices, from the perspectives of transmission and radiation, we present a series of active SSPP devices with diversity and flexibility, including filtering, amplification, attenuation, nonlinearity, and leaky-wave radiations. Finally, several microwave systems based on SSPPs are reported, showing their unique advantages. The future directions and potential applications of the ultra-thin SSPP structures in the microwave and millimeter-wave regions are discussed. 

Spoof surface plasmonics: principle, design, and applications

Wide-Angle Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Array Based on Double-Layer Double-Row Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton

This letter proposes a novel simple planar circularly polarized (CP) frequency beam-scanning (FBS) antenna using slotline (SL) and spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) structure. A new SL-SSPP slow-wave transmission line (TL) is initiated by periodically introducing orthogonal tilted corrugated grooves on both sides of the SL, which can generate orthogonal electric-field components in the same cross-section along the TL, and its dispersion characteristic can be flexibly adjusted. In order to excite an effective radiating mode from the propagating slow-wave mode, a simple double-sided tilted modulation method is devised to periodically modulate the SL-SSPP TL. Further, to obtain the CP characteristic, a π/2 phase displacement between the sinusoidal modulation structures on both sides of the TL is designed. The configuration of presented CP beam-scanning antenna owns the merits of simpler structure, low profile, and single dielectric layer. A prototype is manufactured and then tested to verify the proposed design. The experimental results con-firm that, within the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth (from 7.2 to 8.35 GHz), the designed antenna achieves a 35° beam-steering range with CP characteristic. This antenna also realizes appropriate gain and radiation efficiency in the working band. 

A Simple Circularly Polarized Beam-Scanning Antenna Using Modulated Slotline-Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Slow-Wave Transmission Line

A leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is proposed on the basis of an ultrathin spoof surface plasmonic (SSP) waveguide, which can convert SSP waves into spatial multi-polarized radiation waves. The SSP waveguide is composed of a metallic strip line with periodic unit cells, and each unit consists of two orthogonally beveled slots. The feature of the single-conductor SSP waveguide determines that the leaky-wave radiation pattern is omnidirectional in the azimuth direction around LWA. Due to the design of orthogonally beveled slots, different polarized radiations can be achieved along the azimuth direction. Simulation results show that left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP), right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP), and linearly polarized (LP) radiations are achieved in different azimuth directions simultaneously, which are further validated by the experimental measurement. We also demonstrate a purely single polarized radiation by placing a metal reflector close to LWA, and the polarization is reconfigurable among LHCP, RHCP, and LP by mechanically rotating LWA.

Spatial Multi-Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

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Spatial Multi-Polarized Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons