Spatial and temporal regulations of ATRP by external stimuli are presented. Various ATRP techniques, eATRP, photoATRP, and mechanoATRP, are controlled by electrical current, light, and mechanical forces, respectively. Conversely, ARGET and SARA ATRP are controlled by chemical reducing agents. ICAR ATRP is a thermally regulated process through decomposition of a radical initiator. The aim of this review is to highlight the use of external regulations in ATRP and to summarize the state-of-the-art and future perspectives, focusing on mechanistic aspects, synthetic procedures, preparation of polymers with complex architectures and functional materials, and their applications.

Externally controlled atom transfer radical polymerization.

Cancer is one of the deadliest threats to human health. Abnormal physiochemical conditions and dysregulated biosynthetic intermediates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a significant role in modulating cancer cells to evade or defend conventional anti-cancer therapy such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the most important challenges in the development of anti-tumor therapy is the successful delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents specifically to solid tumors. The recent progresses in development of TME responsive nanoparticles offers promising strategies for combating cancer by making use of the common attributes of tumor such as acidic and hypoxic microenvironments. In this review, we discussed the prominent strategies utilized in the development of tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles and mode of release of therapeutic cargo. Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles offers a universal approach for anti-cancer therapy.

/pdf/tumor-microenvironment-responsive-nanoparticles-for-cancer-4ldyup1wdi.pdf

Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for cancer theragnostic applications

Nanocarrier-based delivery systems offer multiple benefits to overcome limitations of the traditional drug dosage forms, such as protection of the drug, enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery ...

Multifunctional and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for targeted therapeutic delivery.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pol.20210430

Block copolymer solution self-assembly: Recent advances, emerging trends, and applications

In the last decade, considerable attention has been devoted to the use of biodegradable polymeric materials as potential drug delivery carriers. However, bioavailability and drug release at the disease site remain uncontrollable even with the use of polymeric nanocarriers. To address this issue, successful methodologies have been developed to synthesize polymeric nanocarriers incorporated with regions exhibiting a response to stimuli such as redox potential, temperature, pH, and light. The resultant stimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers have shown tremendous promise in drug delivery applications, owing to their ability to enhance the bioavailability of drugs at the disease site. In such systems, drug release is controlled in response to specific stimuli, either exogenous or endogenous. This review reports recent advances in the design of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery in cancer therapy. In particular, the synthetic methodologies investigated to date to introduce different types of stimuli-responsive elements within the biomaterials are described. The sufficient understanding of these stimuli-responsive nanocarriers will allow the development of a better drug delivery system that will allow us to solve the challenges encountered in targeted cancer therapy.

Polymeric nanocarriers as stimuli-responsive systems for targeted tumor (cancer) therapy: Recent advances in drug delivery

Stimuli-responsive shell cross-linked micelles from amphiphilic four-arm star copolymers as potential nanocarriers for “pH/redox-triggered” anticancer drug release

In this work, an amphiphilic copolymer, PCL-SS-P(PEGMA-co-MAEBA), which contained a disulfide joint in backbone was designed and synthesized. The subsequent micelles that self-assembled from the copolymers were cross-linked by hydrazone, resulting in novel stimuli-responsive degradable micelles with a reversible cross-linked shell. By way of the hydrazone cross-linking of the micellar shell, SCMs owned a good stability against the extensive dilution by water or organic solvent. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the model drug for studying the in vitro release profiles of the SCMs. In normal physiological conditions at pH 7.4, a quite slow speed was observed with DOX release (only 23% after 72 h); when conditions were changed to pH 5.0, the SCMs successfully de-crosslinked, DOX release was accelerated (62%). Moreover, drug release was further promoted and reached 87% when 10 mM GSH was present, which was primarily due to the breakage of the disulfide joint. The intracellular uptake assay proved that DOX from DOX-loaded SCMs could be efficiently delivered into HepG2 cells after 12 h incubation. MTT assays confirmed that DOX-loaded SCMs owned a high cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. These redox-responsive, degradable SCMs could be a potential candidate for efficient insoluble anticancer drug delivery and therapy.

Hydrazone cross-linked micelles based on redox degradable block copolymer for enhanced stability and controlled drug release

Smart pH-sensitive micelles based on redox degradable polymers as DOX/GNPs carriers for controlled drug release and CT imaging

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Stimuli-responsive shell cross-linked micelles from amphiphilic four-arm star copolymers as potential nanocarriers for “pH/redox-triggered” anticancer drug release

Hydrazone cross-linked micelles based on redox degradable block copolymer for enhanced stability and controlled drug release

Smart pH-sensitive micelles based on redox degradable polymers as DOX/GNPs carriers for controlled drug release and CT imaging