Radiation detection, using materials to convert high-energy photons to low-energy photons (X-ray imaging) or electrical charges (X-ray detector), has become essential for a wide range of applicatio

Metal Halide Perovskites for X-ray Imaging Scintillators and Detectors

Zero-dimensional (0D) all-inorganic/organic-inorganic metal halides, as emerging luminescent materials, have attracted unparalleled interest from versatile perspectives due to their unique crystallographic/electronic structures with isolated building units and fascinating optical characteristics. However, significant challenges still exist for 0D metal halides, including their chemical molecular design, photoluminescence (PL) mechanism, PL modification and applications. In this review, we summarize the 0D metal halides through the classification of all-inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides, and further emphasize the unique role of B-site cations with different electronic configurations in the PL process. Furthermore, the PL mechanisms focusing on the self-trapped excitons (STEs) model and PL regulation engineering are examined to explore their extraordinary PL properties and further reveal new application prospects. This review aims to provide in-depth insight into the structure-luminescence-application relationship of 0D metal halides and pave the way for the realization of next-generation high-performance luminescent materials.

Recent progress of zero-dimensional luminescent metal halides

Summary Metal halide perovskites (MHP) have demonstrated excellent X-ray detection performance, thanks to their compelling properties including large mobility-lifetime product, strong X-ray absorption, and easy synthesis, etc. The latest progress and future perspective of MHP-based X-ray detection and imaging are reviewed herein. The fundamental knowledge of X-ray interaction with materials and the characteristics of direct and indirect (via scintillators) X-ray detection is first discussed. We then introduce the methods for scalable fabrication of MHP and summarize their recent device performance. We further present the integration of MHP detectors with readout integrated circuits and the associated performance metrics for flat panel detector (FPD). We also briefly talk about ways to minimize cross-talk and increase spatial resolution in FPDs. Last, we provide some cautions to evaluate the detector performance and some suggestions to further improve the performance. We hope this paper can help readers understand the status and future challenges for perovskite X-ray detectors.

Metal Halide Perovskites for X-Ray Detection and Imaging

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.202105898

Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6: Fundamentals, Applications, and Perspectives

Halide perovskites for high-performance X-ray detector

Summary Ion migration in perovskite materials accelerates its decomposition—deteriorating device performance, causing baseline drift, and lowering imaging resolution. In particular, in X-ray detectors, the effect of ion migration is more obvious under the necessary high working bias. Here, we report an effective strategy to grow superior inch-sized, high-quality, zero-dimensional (0D)-structured, lead-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 perovskite single crystals. These crystals have significantly lower ion migration, reduced dark current, and better environmental stability compared with other perovskites, enabling us to fabricate a type of 0D-structured perovskite X-ray detector. The X-ray detector shows high sensitivity of 1,947 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, low detection limit of 83 nGyair s−1, short response time of 23.3 ms, the lowest baseline drift of 5.0 × 10−10 nA cm−1 s−1 V−1, and the best long-term stability among all perovskites reported. The combination of large crystal size and excellent X-ray response allows us to fabricate the first 0D-structured perovskite X-ray imaging system.

Inch-Size 0D-Structured Lead-Free Perovskite Single Crystals for Highly Sensitive Stable X-Ray Imaging

Metal-free halide perovskites, as a specific category of the perovskite family, have recently emerged as novel semiconductors for organic ferroelectrics and promise the wide chemical diversity of the ABX3 perovskite structure with mechanical flexibility, light weight, and eco-friendly processing. However, after the initial discovery 17 years ago, there has been no experimental information about their charge transport properties and only one brief mention of their optoelectronic properties. Here, growth of large single crystals of metal-free halide perovskite DABCO-NH4 Br3 (DABCO = N-N'-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octonium) is reported together with characterization of their instrinsic optical and electronic properties and demonstration, of metal-free halide perovskite optoelectronics. The results reveal that the crystals have an unusually large semigap of ≈16 eV and a specific band nature with the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum mainly dominated by the halide and DABCO2+ , respectively. The unusually large semigap rationalizes extremely long lifetimes approaching the millisecond regime, leading to very high charge diffusion lengths (tens of μm). The crystals also exhibit high X-ray attenuation as well as being lightweight. All these properties translate to high-performance X-ray imaging with sensitivity up to 173 μC Gyair -1 cm-2 . This makes metal-free perovskites novel candidates for the next generation of optoelectronics.

Metal‐Free Halide Perovskite Single Crystals with Very Long Charge Lifetimes for Efficient X‐ray Imaging

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Inch-Size 0D-Structured Lead-Free Perovskite Single Crystals for Highly Sensitive Stable X-Ray Imaging

Metal‐Free Halide Perovskite Single Crystals with Very Long Charge Lifetimes for Efficient X‐ray Imaging