Summary
Thermal liners play a critical role in thermal protective performance for firefighter gear Effective engineering of textile material is necessary to enhance this protective performance A modified thermal protective erformance (TPP) tester was used to study the influence of incorporating aerogel and microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) in thermal liners (including a traditional thermal liner, phase-change layer, and aerogel layer) and the relevant parameters associated with enhanced thermal liner performance Two different phase-transition temperature (45°C and 50°C) of MPCM were selected The samples were exposed to a medium intensity radiation of 15 kW/m2 for 240 seconds, and a skin burn model was applied for second-degree burn prediction Given the selected, results showed that the best TPP in this study was achieved when the phase-transition temperature of MPCM was 45°C and the layering order consisted of the traditional thermal layer (closest to heat source), followed by an aerogel layer, and a final MPCM layer The predicted second-degree burn time was 2183 seconds and increased by 90% compared with only containing traditional thermal liner with a thickness of 5 mm For all 3 materials contained in the thermal liner, the relationship between absorbed energy and predicted second-degree skin burn time indicated that they had a remarkable negative linear correlation (R2 was 09792) The experimental data and predicted results were in good agreement, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 09911 The findings provide a scientific basis for future textile engineering and a novel approach to improve TPP

An exploration of enhancing thermal protective clothing performance by incorporating aerogel and phase change materials

The purpose of this paper is to provide the details of developments to research works in the distribution characteristics of the air gaps within firefighters’ clothing and research methods to evaluate the effect of air gaps on the thermal protective performance of firefighters’ clothing.,In this paper, the distribution of air gaps within firefighters’ clothing was first analyzed, and the air gaps characteristics were summarized as thickness, location, heterogeneity, orientation and dynamics. Then, the evaluation of the air gap on the thermal protective performance of fighters’ clothing was reviewed for both experimental and numerical studies.,The air gaps within clothing layers and between clothing and skin play an important role in determining the thermal protective performance of firefighters’ protective clothing. It is obvious that research works on the effects of actual air gaps entrapped in firefighters’ clothing on thermal protection are comparatively few in number, primarily focusing on static and uniform air gaps at the fabric level. Further studies should be conducted to define the characteristic of air gap, deepen the understand of mechanism of heat transfer and numerically simulate the 3D dynamic heat transfer in clothing to improve the evaluation of thermal protective performance provided by the firefighters’ clothing.,Air gaps within thermal protective clothing play a crucial role in the protective performance of clothing and provide an efficient way to provide fire-fighting occupational safety. To accurately characterize the distribution of air gaps in firefighters’ clothing under high heat exposure, the paper will provide guidelines for clothing engineers to design clothing for fighters and optimize the clothing performance.,This paper is offered as a concise reference for researchers’ further research in the area of the effect of air gaps within firefighters’ clothing under thermal exposure.

Effect of air gaps characteristics on thermal protective performance of firefighters’ clothing: A review

The development of environmental responsive and self-adjustable structure is very important for improving protective performance of protective clothing, and thus decreases burn injury chance of firefighters and emergency rescuers. Shape memory material (SMM) can be incorporated into clothing system to provide necessary thermal protection when threaten occurs. It will produce stable air gap when SMM is actuated, therefore reduces heat transfer to human body. Under normal conditions, the SMM is flat that doesn’t affect wearer’s motion ability and wearing appearance. This article overviewed and summarized the international state-of-the-art research status on the application of SMM in both thermal and cold protective clothing. The key issues in this area were discussed. Based on the above analysis, the specific direction for the application of SMM in protective clothing in the future was highlighted in terms of air gap size, heat exposure, protective clothing factors, quantity and distribution of SMM, etc. And the development trend in protective clothing incorporated with SMM was proposed from the perspective of human-clothing-environment system.

Application of shape memory materials in protective clothing: a review

Firefighters wearing protective clothing perspire profusely in the process of performing their duties, and sweat increases moisture in the inner layers of multilayer protective clothing. Also, the ...

Effect of moisture content on thermal protective performance of fabric assemblies by a stored energy approach under flash exposure

Abstract Heat and water vapor transfer behavior of thermal protective clothing is greatly influenced by the air gap entrapped in multilayer fabric system. In this study, a sweating hot plate method was used to investigate the effect of air gap position and size on thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of firefighter clothing under a range of ambient temperature and humidity. Results indicated that the presence of air gap in multilayer fabric system decreased heat and water vapor transfer abilities under normal wear. Moreover, the air gap position slightly influenced the thermal and evaporative performances of the firefighter clothing. In this study, the multilayer fabric system obtained the highest thermal resistance, when the air space was located at position B. Furthermore, the effect of ambient temperature on heat and water vapor transfer properties of the multilayer fabric system was also investigated in the presence of a specific air gap. It was indicated that ambient temperature did not influence the evaporative resistance of thermal protective clothing. A thermographic image was used to test the surface temperature of multilayer fabric system when an air gap was incorporated. These results suggested that a certain air gap entrapped in thermal protective clothing system could affect wear comfort.

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Effect of Air Gap Entrapped in Firefighter Protective Clothing on Thermal Resistance and Evaporative Resistance

The thermal protection performance (TPP) provided by fabric assemblies used by wildland firefighters is greatly affected by both the moisture and the air gap trapped in multilayer fabrics. In this paper, the effect of moisture, coupled with air gap on TPP was analyzed under radiant heat exposures of 21 kW/m2. The air gap sizes from 0 to 5.2 mm were analyzed using an air gap height regulation device; the moisture content of the multilayer fabric combinations around 0–70% were obtained by spraying distilled water to simulate varying amounts of sweat absorption. The results obtained indicate that certain air gaps entrapped in multilayer fabric system have a positive effect on TPP for both dry and wet multilayer fabric combinations. However, obvious trend changes in thermal protection were observed among dry and wet configurations when the air gap was moved to different positions. For the wet configurations, the second-degree burn time increased as the air gap moved further from the heat source, which was con...

The effect of moisture and air gap on the thermal protective performance of fabric assemblies used by wildland firefighters

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The effect of moisture and air gap on the thermal protective performance of fabric assemblies used by wildland firefighters