Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp, and Fucus spp The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp, Chlorella spp, Rhodophyta spp, or Spirulina spp However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids.

Microencapsulation of natural dyes with biopolymers for application in food: A review

Microalgae are microorganisms with a singular biochemical composition, including several biologically active compounds with proven pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. These properties make microalgae an interesting natural resource to be used as a functional ingredient, as well as in the prevention and treatment of diseases, or cosmetic formulations. Nevertheless, natural bioactives often possess inherent chemical instability and/or poor solubility, which are usually associated with low bioavailability. As such, their industrial potential as a health-promoting substance might be severely compromised. In this context, encapsulation systems are considered as a promising and emerging strategy to overcome these shortcomings due to the presence of a surrounding protective layer. Diverse systems have already been reported in the literature for natural bioactives, where some of them have been successfully applied to microalgae compounds. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring encapsulation systems for microalgae biomass, their extracts, or purified bioactives for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes. Moreover, this work also covers the most common encapsulation techniques and types of coating materials used, along with the main findings regarding the beneficial effects of these systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/12/644/pdf

Microalgae Encapsulation Systems for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics Applications.

Background There is increasing demand from consumers for more natural foods with potential health benefits. The marine environment is an abundant source of potentially health-promoting substances like bioactive peptides, polyunsaturated fats, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, and antimicrobials. The application of these substances in the food and pharmaceutical industries is often limited by their low water-solubility, poor oral bioavailability, adverse food matrix interactions, and undesirable impact on sensory attributes. Nano-scaled delivery systems have been developed to address many of these challenges. Scope and approach In this article, a review of the current understanding of nanostructured delivery vehicles for hydrophobic marine-derived bioactive agents is given. In particular, the most common kinds of delivery systems and their production techniques are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles are critically assessed. The bioavailability, sensory characteristics, and potential toxicity of encapsulated marine bioactives are also reviewed. Key findings and conclusions Recent advances in the design of bio-based delivery vehicles offer the possibility of enhancing marine bioactives' performance within functional food products. These performance enhancements include: (i) tunable release characteristics; (ii) increased bioavailability; (iii) improved organoleptic properties; and (iv) reduced toxicity. However, more in vivo pharmacokinetic studies are required to verify the efficacy and safety of specific nano-enabled delivery vehicles.

Recent advances in nanoencapsulation of hydrophobic marine bioactives: Bioavailability, safety, and sensory attributes of nano-fortified functional foods

Food-grade Pickering emulsion as a novel astaxanthin encapsulation system for making powder-based products: Evaluation of astaxanthin stability during processing, storage, and its bioaccessibility.

Enhancing the stability of astaxanthin by encapsulation in poly (l-lactic acid) microspheres using a supercritical anti-solvent process

The invention discloses a method for preparing a paracetamol-betaine cocrystal by a supercritical anti-solvent particle production technique. The method comprises the following steps: adding paracetamol and betaine into an organic solvent respectively in a mole ratio of 1:1 or 1:2 to prepare a mixed solution; by using supercritical carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent, continuously introducing the anti-solvent into a settling kettle at a constant flow velocity by using a high-pressure pump; and when the temperature in the settling kettle is 35-50 DEG C and the pressure is 80-120bar, spraying the mixed solution into the settling kettle by using another high-pressure pump to precipitate the cocrystal drug particles. Compared with the grinding process in the past, the paracetamol-betaine cocrystal prepared by the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of small particle size, uniform particle size distribution, high stability, higher solubility and higher dissolution rate. Different crystal forms can be obtained by changing the experimental conditions, thereby enhancing the bioavailability and drug effect of the paracetamol drug, and satisfying the medicinal requirements. The preparation method is simple to operate, has favorable repeatability, and can easily implement industrialized production.

Method for preparing paracetamol-betaine cocrystal by supercritical anti-solvent particle production technique

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Enhancing the stability of astaxanthin by encapsulation in poly (l-lactic acid) microspheres using a supercritical anti-solvent process

Method for preparing paracetamol-betaine cocrystal by supercritical anti-solvent particle production technique