The relatively unused millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum offers excellent opportunities to increase mobile capacity due to the enormous amount of available raw bandwidth. This paper presents experimental measurements and empirically-based propagation channel models for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz mmWave bands, using a wideband sliding correlator channel sounder with steerable directional horn antennas at both the transmitter and receiver from 2011 to 2013. More than 15,000 power delay profiles were measured across the mmWave bands to yield directional and omnidirectional path loss models, temporal and spatial channel models, and outage probabilities. Models presented here offer side-by-side comparisons of propagation characteristics over a wide range of mmWave bands, and the results and models are useful for the research and standardization process of future mmWave systems. Directional and omnidirectional path loss models with respect to a 1 m close-in free space reference distance over a wide range of mmWave frequencies and scenarios using directional antennas in real-world environments are provided herein, and are shown to simplify mmWave path loss models, while allowing researchers to globally compare and standardize path loss parameters for emerging mmWave wireless networks. A new channel impulse response modeling framework, shown to agree with extensive mmWave measurements over several bands, is presented for use in link-layer simulations, using the observed fact that spatial lobes contain multipath energy that arrives at many different propagation time intervals. The results presented here may assist researchers in analyzing and simulating the performance of next-generation mmWave wireless networks that will rely on adaptive antennas and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems.

Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for Future Wireless Communication System Design

This paper provides an overview of the features of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems now being developed for use in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Early results and key concepts of 5G networks are presented, and the channel modeling efforts of many international groups for both licensed and unlicensed applications are described here. Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies, are compared over the 0.5–100 GHz range.

/pdf/overview-of-millimeter-wave-communications-for-fifth-3yhmjybx4f.pdf

Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Fifth-Generation (5G) Wireless Networks—With a Focus on Propagation Models

This paper provides an overview of the features of fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems now being developed for use in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. Early results and key concepts of 5G networks are presented, and the channel modeling efforts of many international groups for both licensed and unlicensed applications are described here. Propagation parameters and channel models for understanding mmWave propagation, such as line-of-sight (LOS) probabilities, large-scale path loss, and building penetration loss, as modeled by various standardization bodies, are compared over the 0.5-100 GHz range.

Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Fifth-Generation (5G) Wireless Networks-with a focus on Propagation Models

The remarkable growth of wireless data traffic in recent times has driven the need to explore suitable regions in the radio spectrum to meet the projected requirements. In pursuance of this, millimeter wave communications have received considerable attention in the research fraternity. Due to the high path and penetration losses at millimeter wavelengths, antenna beamforming assumes a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining a robust communication link. Beamforming for millimeter wave communications poses a multitude of diverse challenges due to the large channel bandwidth, unique channel characteristics, and hardware constraints. In this paper, we track the evolution and advancements in antenna beamforming for millimeter wave communications in the context of the distinct requirements for indoor and outdoor communication scenarios. We expand the scope of discussion by including the developments in radio frequency system design and implementation for millimeter wave beamforming. We explore the suitability of millimeter wave beamforming methods, both, existing and proposed till midyear 2015, and identify the exciting new prospects unfolding in this domain.

Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Communications: An Inclusive Survey

This paper compares three candidate large-scale propagation path loss models for use over the entire microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radio spectrum: the alpha–beta–gamma (ABG) model, the close-in (CI) free-space reference distance model, and the CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF). Each of these models has been recently studied for use in standards bodies such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and for use in the design of fifth-generation wireless systems in urban macrocell, urban microcell, and indoor office and shopping mall scenarios. Here, we compare the accuracy and sensitivity of these models using measured data from 30 propagation measurement data sets from 2 to 73 GHz over distances ranging from 4 to 1238 m. A series of sensitivity analyses of the three models shows that the four-parameter ABG model underpredicts path loss when relatively close to the transmitter, and overpredicts path loss far from the transmitter, and that the physically based two-parameter CI model and three-parameter CIF model offer computational simplicity, have very similar goodness of fit (i.e., the shadow fading standard deviation), exhibit more stable model parameter behavior across frequencies and distances, and yield smaller prediction error in sensitivity tests across distances and frequencies, when compared to the four-parameter ABG model. Results show the CI model with a 1-m reference distance is suitable for outdoor environments, while the CIF model is more appropriate for indoor modeling. The CI and CIF models are easily implemented in existing 3GPP models by making a very subtle modification—by replacing a floating non-physically based constant with a frequency-dependent constant that represents free-space path loss in the first meter of propagation. This paper shows this subtle change does not change the mathematical form of existing ITU/3GPP models and offers much easier analysis, intuitive appeal, better model parameter stability, and better accuracy in sensitivity tests over a vast range of microwave and mmWave frequencies, scenarios, and distances, while using a simpler model with fewer parameters.

/pdf/investigation-of-prediction-accuracy-sensitivity-and-ai0dc7ah64.pdf

Investigation of Prediction Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Parameter Stability of Large-Scale Propagation Path Loss Models for 5G Wireless Communications

The millimeter wave band will be a key component in the next generation wireless communication system (5G), and a proper channel model is needed for developing the future 5G cellular technologies. This paper introduces a 28 GHz channel sounder based on automatically rotating horn antennas with time synchronization ability between the transmitter (TX) and the receiver (RX). We have developed a sounding method for synchronized measurement using the proposed channel sounder system which records time-stamping to measure the relative propagation time from the transmitter to receiver. The proposed approach allows us to generate an omni-like channel measurements by synthesizing all directional measurements, which have been verified by comparison with the measurements of omni-directional antennas. Subsequently, the omni-directional propagation measurement results are provided in an in-building environment similar to a small shopping mall. From the measurements, the clustering analysis has been done including its power distribution. This paper provides the first channel sounder and initial results to obtain the synthesized omni-directional results in millimeter wave 28 GHz band.

Synchronous channel sounder using horn antenna and indoor measurements on 28 GHz

This paper provides an overview of research challenges and opportunities on mm-wave communication in the fifth generation (SG) mobile broadband networks. More specifically, different challenges, i.e. spectrum, propagation channel, cost and energy efficient aspects, from the perspective of mm-wave communication are discussed. Furthermore, insights on research opportunities of mm-wave communication in heterogeneous networks and multi-antenna transceiver technologies are provided. Based on provided overview, it can be concluded that mm-wave communication is a promising framework for further development and research towards next generation mobile broadband communication systems.

/pdf/challenges-and-opportunities-of-mm-wave-communication-in-5g-4ljntu6q31.pdf

Challenges and Opportunities of mm-Wave Communication in 5G Networks

Drive testing continues to play a key role in mobile network optimization for operators but its high cost is a big concern. Alternative approaches like virtual drive testing (VDT) target device testing in the lab whereas MDT or crowdsourcing based approaches are limited by the incentives users have to participate and contribute measurements. With the aim of augmenting drive testing and significantly reducing its cost, we propose GenDT, a novel deep generative model that synthesizes high-fidelity time series of key radio network key performance indicators (KPIs). The training of GenDT relies on a relatively small amount of real-world measurement data along with corresponding and easily accessible network and environment context data. Through this, GenDT learns the relationship between context and radio network KPIs as they vary over time, and therefore trained GenDT model can subsequently be relied on to generate time series for different KPIs for new drive test routes (trajectories) without having to collect field measurements. GenDT represents an initial attempt at enabling efficient drive testing via generative modeling. Evaluations with real-world mobile network drive testing measurement datasets from two countries demonstrate that GenDT can synthesize significantly more dependable data than a range of baselines. We further show that GenDT has the potential to significantly reduce the drive testing related measurement effort, and that GenDT-generated data yields similar results to that with real data in the context of two downstream use cases - QoE prediction and handover analysis.

/pdf/gendt-mobile-network-drive-testing-made-efficient-with-syyvmz63.pdf

GenDT: mobile network drive testing made efficient with generative modeling

A method for configuring a connection between a User Equipment, UE, and a 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, compliant mobile communications network at the UE. The method comprises checking a service equivalency indicator, the service equivalency indicator indicating zero or more mobile communications networks the UE is permitted to transmit a new request for a PDN connection corresponding to a previously rejected request for a PDN connection. If the service equivalency indicator indicates that there is at least one mobile communications network including the mobile communications network to which the UE is currently attached for which it is permitted to transmit a request for a PDN connection corresponding to a previously rejected request for a PDN connection, and a new PDN connection corresponding to a previously rejected request for a PDN connection is required, the method further comprises transmitting a new request for a PDN connection, the new request corresponding to a previously rejected request for a PDN connection.

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