The unavailability of clean drinking water is one of the significant health issues in modern times. Industrial dyes are one of the dominant chemicals that make water unfit for drinking. Among these dyes, methylene blue (MB) is toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and can cause a severe threat to human health and environmental safety. It is usually released in natural water sources, which becomes a health threat to human beings and living organisms. Hence, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly, efficient technology for removing MB from wastewater. Photodegradation is an advanced oxidation process widely used for MB removal. It has the advantages of complete mineralization of dye into simple and nontoxic species with the potential to decrease the processing cost. This review provides a tutorial basis for the readers working in the dye degradation research area. We not only covered the basic principles of the process but also provided a wide range of previously published work on advanced photocatalytic systems (single-component and multi-component photocatalysts). Our study has focused on critical parameters that can affect the photodegradation rate of MB, such as photocatalyst type and loading, irradiation reaction time, pH of reaction media, initial concentration of dye, radical scavengers and oxidising agents. The photodegradation mechanism, reaction pathways, intermediate products, and final products of MB are also summarized. An overview of the future perspectives to utilize MB at an industrial scale is also provided. This paper identifies strategies for the development of effective MB photodegradation systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/2/242/pdf?version=1642404093

Review on Methylene Blue: Its Properties, Uses, Toxicity and Photodegradation

Chitosan-based hydrogels: From preparation to biomedical applications.

A hydrogel for potential applications in wound dressing should possess several peculiar properties, such as efficient self-healing ability and mechanical toughness, so as to repair muscle and skin damage Additionally, excellent cell affinity and tissue adhesiveness are also necessary for the hydrogel to integrate with the wound tissue in practical applications Herein, an ultratough and self-healing hydrogel with superior cell affinity and tissue adhesiveness is prepared The self-healing ability of the hydrogel is obtained through hydrogen bonds and dynamic Schiff cross-linking between dopamine-grafted oxidized sodium alginate (OSA-DA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) chains The covalent cross-linking is responsible for its stable mechanical structure The combination of physical and chemical cross-linking contributes to a novel hydrogel with efficient self-healing ability (80% mechanical recovery in 6 h), high tensile strength (0109 MPa), and ultrastretchability (2550%), which are highly desirable properties

Ultratough, Self-Healing, and Tissue-Adhesive Hydrogel for Wound Dressing

Schiff base, an important family of reaction in click chemistry, has received significant attention in the formation of self-healing hydrogels in recent years. Schiff base reversibly reacts even in mild conditions, which allows hydrogels with self-healing ability to recover their structures and functions after damages. Moreover, pH-sensitivity of the Schiff base offers the hydrogels response to biologically relevant stimuli. Different types of Schiff base can provide the hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties and chemical stabilities. In this review, we summarized the design and preparation of hydrogels based on various types of Schiff base linkages, as well as the biomedical applications of hydrogels in drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, tissue adhesives, bioprinting, and biosensors.

Hydrogels Based on Schiff Base Linkages for Biomedical Applications.

A review on applications of chitosan-based Schiff bases.

NiFe-based non-precious-metal catalysts are promising substitutes for noble-metal-based catalysts due to their outstanding electrochemical performance and endurance. Herein, a NiFe-based MOF supported on Ni foam was designed to obtain good OER and HER activities in alkaline media. Thanks to the 3-D hierarchical layer structure distributed on Ni foam, the high exposure of active sites, and the good conductance, as-obtained NiFe-MOF-5 presented advantages for its use in electrochemical catalysis. As a result, an overpotential of 168 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for the OER was reached. Moreover, the catalyst only required a cell voltage of 1.57 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting, and it outperformed most previously reported non-precious-metal electrocatalysts in 1 M KOH.

A bimetal hierarchical layer structure MOF grown on Ni foam as a bifunctional catalyst for the OER and HER

A self-healable hydrogel with recoverable self-healing and mechanical properties is reported. The hydrogel (coded as ACSH) crosslinked by Schiff base linkage contains two polysaccharides of acrylamide-modified chitosan (AMCS) and oxidized alginate (ADA). Self-healing and mechanical properties are heavily influenced by the crosslinking time. The hydrogel crosslinked for 2 h possesses better mechanical and self-healing properties than hydrogel crosslinked for 24 h. Macroscopic test shows that hydrogel without self-healing ability can recover the self-repair and mechanical properties by adjusting the pHs. The recovery of self-healing and mechanical properties relies on the pH sensitivity of the Schiff base linkage. Adjusting the pH to acid, the Schiff base linkage becomes unstable and breaks. Regulating the pH to neutral, reconstruction of Schiff base linkage leads to recovery of the self-repair and mechanical properties. The recoverable self-healing property can be cycled once breakage and reconstruction of the Schiff base linkage can be conducted. In addition, this study demonstrates that the hydrogel can be remodeled into different shapes based on self-healing property of the hydrogel. It is anticipated that this self-healable hydrogel with recoverable self-healing and mechanical properties may open a new way to investigate self-healing hydrogel and find potential applications in different biomedical fields.

Flexible Polysaccharide Hydrogel with pH‐Regulated Recovery of Self‐Healing and Mechanical Properties

Produced in the process of meat spoilage, ammonia (NH3) is believed to be an important gas, as its concentration is a major indicator for evaluating freshness A flexible NH3 sensor, based on novel polyaniline/Zn-porphyrin (PANI/Zn-tpps4) composite, was designed via a one-step electrodeposition method where a strong π-π conjugated system formed through the combination of the quinone ring of the PANI molecular chain and sulfate radical of the Zn-tpps4 molecule The new sensor PANI/Zn-tpps4 film possesses outstanding sensing characteristics in terms of response value,enabling it to perform better than pure PANI film To further explore the performance of PANI/Zn-tpps4 film, the gas-sensing properties, humidity and endurance tests were fully evaluated at low NH3 concentration It was concluded that the sensing performance was dramatically improved, because the Zn-tpps4,acting as a “bridge”, facilitated the transfer of electrons from NH3 molecules to PANI molecular chains It is expected that the PANI/Zn-tpps4 sensor can be attached to deformable packaging membrane to form an ideal device as meat freshness indicator

Facile fabrication of PANI/Zn-tpps4 flexible NH3 sensor based on the “bridge” of Zn-tpps4

A synergy establishment by metal-organic framework and carbon quantum dots to enhance electrochemical water oxidation

In this article, agar was successfully dissolved in a KOH/urea mixture via freeze-thawing. Quaternized agar (QA) was synthesized by reacting agar with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) at 15 °C for 48 h. The successful preparation of quaternized agar was confirmed by different technologies. The water-soluble QA with different degrees of substitution (DS) can be obtained by adding different amounts of EPTMAC. The QA exhibited low gelling and melting temperatures and higher DS resulting in lower melting and gelling temperatures. In addition, the quaternized agar showed antibacterial properties. The QA with a DS of 0.45 can kill about 95% of Escherichia coli and 99% of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, this work provides a simple, mild and green method to functionalize agar and the quaternized agar may have potential applications in different food and biomedical fields.

Synthesis and characterization of quaternized agar in KOH/urea aqueous solution

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