Energy is the main element for a modern lifestyle that must be considered in economically reliable and sustainable development dialogues. The financial performance of solar power projects has become the main issue, especially in developing countries such as Pakistan, where it has gained the special attention of government and regulatory authorities. The present study evaluates green technology strategies for the sustainable development of solar power projects in Pakistan. We examine the moderating role of cost and riskiness of the methods between the nexus of capital budgeting techniques and the financial performance of solar power projects. The analysis is performed on data collected from 44 respondents (chief financial officers and chief executive officers) by accompanying an inclusive questionnaire survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to assess the formulated suppositions. The results reveal that green technology strategies positively impact the sustainable development of solar power projects. The profitability index is a good source of higher financial performance of the solar power projects. The results further demonstrate that the cost and riskiness of the methods significantly moderate the nexus of capital budgeting techniques and the financial performance of solar power projects. These findings provide a valuable manual for policymakers, government institutions, and regulators to select the appropriate green technology strategy to increase cleaner production and sustainable development of solar power projects.

Evaluating Green Technology Strategies for the Sustainable Development of Solar Power Projects: Evidence from Pakistan

Justice in solar energy development

In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical model is developed to investigate the effect of rail pad stiffness on the wheel/rail force in a slab track with harmonic irregularity. The model consists ...

Effect of rail pad stiffness on the wheel/rail force intensity in a railway slab track with short-wave irregularity:

This paper presents a multi-layer railway ballast track and substructure model, where a coupled discrete and continuous method is used for macro-meso dynamic behaviour analysis under moving wheel loads. In this coupled model, the discrete element method (DEM) is utilised to build the superstructure of the ballast track (i.e. rail, fastener, sleeper and ballast layer), which considers the complex ballast shape and particle size distribution from mesoscopic level. The finite difference method (FDM) is used to simulate the substructure (i.e. subgrade and foundation) with a consideration of computing cost. And then, the coupled model is achieved by satisfying displacement, velocity and contact force compatibility between the FLAC and the PFC. Finally, the dynamic analysis is carried out by applying the wheel-rail forces obtained from a vehicle-track dynamics model into the coupled model. The DEM parameters of ballast particles are calibrated based on the results of the ballast direct shear tests, and the dynamic behaviour of railway ballast track and subgrade system is validated with the field measurement. Through the numerical analysis, it is confirmed that the coupled DEM/FDM model can reliably reflect macro-meso dynamic behaviour and accurately reveal the contact characteristics between the ballast layer and subgrade.

/pdf/coupled-discrete-continuum-approach-for-railway-ballast-2yn1sy8mji.pdf

Coupled discrete-continuum approach for railway ballast track and subgrade macro-meso analysis

Effective use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) during operation typically requires modeled content to accurately match the built spaces, which necessitates effective field verification techniques to ensure that BIM content matches the actual built conditions. Some contractors leverage laser scanning and other reality-capture technologies to verify modeled content prior to turnover, but these approaches can be time- and resource-intensive. Augmented reality (AR) enables users to view BIM content overlaid on their field of view of the built space. Research suggests potential for using AR for tasks related to field verification, but a study that systematically explores the specific types of deviations that can be detected with this technology is missing from the current literature. This paper tasks participants with using immersive AR to identify deviations from BIM in a ceiling plenum space that includes installed Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) components, which would typically be included in a coordinated BIM. The results suggest that AR can enable users to effectively identify large deviations and missing building elements. However, the results do not indicate that AR effectively enables users to identify small deviations and can potentially lead to identifying false positive observations, where accurately constructed elements are perceived as deviating from BIM. These results suggest that immersive AR can effectively be used to check whether recently built elements conform to the intended BIM in instances where speed of verification is more important than adhering to strict tolerances. For instances where accuracy (less than two inches) is critical, the results of this work suggest that AR can be used to help determine where in the building more accurate, but more resource-intensive, reality-capture technologies should be used.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/2/77/pdf

Augmented reality to enable users to identify deviations for model reconciliation

Deterioration of track causes variations in different mechanical parameters such as value and distribution of track vertical stiffness, which would change the way track mechanical components behave in service condition or maintenance operations As a result, studying deterioration effects and that of maintenance operations such as tamping and dynamic stabilisation on the mechanical behaviour of both standard and deteriorated tracks could give a better picture of track condition and effectiveness of maintenance operations In this paper, by carrying out static and dynamic tests and using 89 measurement sensors, the influence of mechanised maintenance operations on mechanical behaviours (strain, acceleration and displacement of rail and sleeper) of a high-deteriorated track and a low-deteriorated track is investigated The tests were carried out in three different stages (before tamping, after tamping and after track dynamic stabilisation) under a passing train (a 6-axle locomotive and a 4-axle wagon) with 

Effects of maintenance operations on railway track's mechanical behaviour by field load testing

Visualization of as-built data may change the future of construction project management to a more efficient area of knowledge if appropriate and easy photography and reconstruction tools would be developed and used by practitioners. Most of the current reconstructed 3D point cloud models use unordered photograph collections to generate 4D as-built models. Some of these photographs are not used in the final model mostly because of either a possible overlap with other photos or some faults in photography procedure. Computation time increases exponentially as the number of photos in a photo collection increases. Therefore, the unstructured processes may reduce the performance of a point-cloud model representation. This work shows how the available application of unordered photograph collections are regularly inefficient by measuring the performance of some important criteria, such as the registration success score and the computation time. The case study is the construction of a gas compressor station. Such industrial projects involve several building and work areas (e.g., substation, control building, and piping area). The construction site covers approximately 20 hectares. The case study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, preexisting images have been used for image based modelling (IBM). In the second stage, images captured based on a step-by-step photography procedure (SPP) have been used for IBM. IBM performance in the first stage of the case study has been compared with the performance of the second stage by comparing the registration success scores. The IBM in the first stage of the case study results in sparse models, which hardly show the geometry of construction scenes. By contrast, capturing images based on the SPP in the second stage of the case study significantly changed the performance of IBM and increased the registration success score. This study provides an easy applicable on-site photography procedure. By adopting the proposed approach and by training the photographers, the model would be more desirable for application in more construction projects. The application of the SPP in the case study shows a significant improvement in the final reconstructed 3D point cloud model and as-built data visualization criteria.

/pdf/a-step-by-step-construction-site-photography-procedure-to-1nduf528il.pdf

A step-by-step construction site photography procedure to enhance the efficiency of as-built data visualization: a case study

http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022014323/pdf

Energy and exergy simulation analysis and comparative study of solar ejector cooling system using TRNSYS for two climates of Iran

Bayesian updating of solar resource data for risk mitigation in project finance

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Papers

Effects of maintenance operations on railway track's mechanical behaviour by field load testing

A step-by-step construction site photography procedure to enhance the efficiency of as-built data visualization: a case study

Energy and exergy simulation analysis and comparative study of solar ejector cooling system using TRNSYS for two climates of Iran

Bayesian updating of solar resource data for risk mitigation in project finance