Coastal eutrophication caused by anthropogenic nutrient inputs is one of the greatest threats to the health of coastal estuarine and marine ecosystems worldwide. To better understand and manage this threat, we compared six contrasting coastal ecosystems that are subjected to a range of riverine inputs of freshwater (buoyancy) and nutrients to address (i) impacts of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on ecosystem services; (ii) how ecosystem traits minimize or amplify these impacts; (iii) synergies among pressures (nutrient enrichment, over fishing, coastal development, and climate-driven pressures in particular); and (iv) management of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems. Globally, ~ 24% of the anthropogenic N released in coastal watersheds is estimated to reach coastal ecosystems. Our comparative assessment revealed that (i) in terms of the spatial extent of habitat degradation, Chesapeake Bay ranks number one followed in rank order by the northern Gulf of Mexico, the Baltic Sea, Great Barrier Reef, East China Sea and the northern Adriatic Sea; (ii) impacts of increases in anthropogenic nutrient loading are, and will continue to be, exacerbated by synergies with other pressures including over fishing, coastal development and climate-driven increases in sea surface temperature, acidification and rainfall; and (iii) when defined in terms of quantitative ranges of primary production, trophic status is not useful for relating anthropogenic nutrient loading to impacts. While managed reductions in point source inputs from sewage treatment plants are increasingly successful, controlling inputs from diffuse sources remains a challenging problem. Thus, it is likely that the severity of coastal eutrophication will continue to increase in the absence of effectively enforced, ecosystem-based management of both point and diffuse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. This requires sustained, integrated research and monitoring, as well as repeated assessments of nutrient loading and impacts. These must be informed and guided by ongoing collaborations among scientists, politicians, managers and the public.

/pdf/the-globalization-of-cultural-eutrophication-in-the-coastal-ecvr2wn3li.pdf

The Globalization of Cultural Eutrophication in the Coastal Ocean: Causes and Consequences

Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary during the past 50 years

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), those proliferations of algae that can cause fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, form unsightly scums, or detrimentally alter ecosystem function have been increasing in frequency, magnitude, and duration worldwide. Here, using a global modeling approach, we show, for three regions of the globe, the potential effects of nutrient loading and climate change for two HAB genera, pelagic Prorocentrum and Karenia, each with differing physiological characteristics for growth. The projections (end of century, 2090–2100) are based on climate change resulting from the A1B scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate Model (IPCC, IPSL-CM4), applied in a coupled oceanographic-biogeochemical model, combined with a suite of assumed physiological ‘rules’ for genera-specific bloom development. Based on these models, an expansion in area and/or number of months annually conducive to development of these HABs along the NW European Shelf-Baltic Sea system and NE Asia was projected for both HAB genera, but no expansion (Prorocentrum spp.), or actual contraction in area and months conducive for blooms (Karenia spp.), was projected in the SE Asian domain. The implications of these projections, especially for Northern Europe, are shifts in vulnerability of coastal systems to HAB events, increased regional HAB impacts to aquaculture, increased risks to human health and ecosystems, and economic consequences of these events due to losses to fisheries and ecosystem services.

/pdf/vulnerability-of-coastal-ecosystems-to-changes-in-harmful-3yo4nrry1n.pdf

Vulnerability of coastal ecosystems to changes in harmful algal bloom distribution in response to climate change: projections based on model analysis

The development, validation, comparison and evaluation of analytical methods for marine toxins rely on the availability of toxic material. Within the project JACUMAR PSP, our interest is mainly focused on autochthonous bivalve species with the toxic profile of Alexandrium minutum , since this is the principal species involved regionally in PSP outbreaks. Mussels and oysters were exposed during few days in the harbor of Vilanova i la Geltru, to blooms reaching a maximum A. minutum concentration of 200,000 cells L -1 in 2008, and 40,000 and 800,000 cells L -1 , in 2009. Mussels, oysters and clams were exposed to one bloom of 22,000 cells L -1 in the harbor of Cambrils in 2009. In all situations higher toxic levels analyzed by HPLC-FD with postcolumn oxidation were observed in mussels (i.e. 1,200-2,500 µg eq. STX kg -1 ) than in oysters (i.e. 60-800 µg eq. STX kg -1 ) exposed to the same bloom. Blooms with higher concentrations of A. minutum did not correspond to higher levels of PSP toxins in bivalves. These differences may be explained by differences in

Proceedings of the 14th international conference on harmful algae

26 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables.-- This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Brown, A.R., Lilley, M., Shutler, J., Lowe, C., Artioli, Y., Torres, R., Berdalet, E. and Tyler, C.R. (2020), Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries. Rev Aquacult, 12: 1663-1688. doi:10.1111/raq.12403, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12403. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions

/pdf/assessing-risks-and-mitigating-impacts-of-harmful-algal-2suwrda4zw.pdf

Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries

Causative species of harmful algal blooms in Chinese coastal waters

Karlodinium veneficum is a cosmopolitan species, but has been poorly recorded in the East China Sea (ECS) due to its small size and difficulty in identification. The bloom dynamics of this species is not well understood globally. In this study, we examined its morphological characteristics that suggest the K. veneficum is the co-occurring bloom causative species of large scale Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms in spring 2011. The epicone of K. veneficum recorded in the investigated area is conical or rounded, and the hypocone is hemispherically rounded. The ventral pore is located at the left side of the apical groove. Nucleus is positioned centrally within the hypocone. Four large irregular chloroplasts are equally distributed in the epicone and hypocone. The mean length of cultured cells was 13.6±1.2 μm (range 11.0–15.8 μm) and the mean width was 10.0±1.1 μm (range 8.0–12 μm) (n=50). Cell abundance of K. veneficum population was low, in the region 1000–1600 cells L−1, along a transect in the East China Sea on April 19, 2011, when the water column was not distinctly stratified. Cell densities reached 3×107 cells L−1 along the same transect on May 13 2011 when the bloom occurred in the 10 m layer surface and the water column was distinctly stratified. Cell abundances therefore appear closely related to water column stratification.

Newly recorded Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate blooms in stratified water of the East China Sea

During the last two decades, large-scale high biomass algal blooms of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu have occurred frequently in the East China Sea (ECS). The role of increasing nutrient concentrations in driving those blooms is well-established, but the source population that initiates them is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the front of Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) may serve as a ‘seed bank’ that initiates P. donghaiense blooms in the ECS, as the physiochemical conditions in the TWC are suitable for the growth of P. donghaiense. In order to test this hypothesis, two surveys at different spatio-temporal scales were conducted in 2010 and 2011. We found a strong correlation in space and time between the abundance of P. donghaiense and the TWC. The spatial extent of the P. donghaiense bloom coincided with the TWC front in both 2010 and 2011. During the early development of the blooms, P. donghaiense concentration was highest at the TWC front, and then the bloom mass shifted inshore over the course of our 2011 survey. The TWC also moved inshore, albeit after the appearance of P. donghaiense. Overall, these results support our hypothesis that P. donghaiense blooms develop from the population at the TWC front in the ECS, suggesting the role of the ocean current front as a seed bank to dinoflagellate blooms.

/pdf/the-correlation-between-prorocentrum-donghaiense-blooms-and-1wt31atfab.pdf

The Correlation between Prorocentrum donghaiense Blooms and the Taiwan Warm Current in the East China Sea - Evidence for the “Pelagic Seed Bank” Hypothesis

Harmful algal blooms often occurred in the East China Sea (ECS) and the German coastal waters of the North Sea but Karlodinium veneficum had not been taxonomically reported. Two strains of Karlodinium (LAMB090611 and LAMB010601) were isolated from the two areas in 2009. The morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny of two strains are compared on the basis of observation of a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a laser scanning microscope (LSM) and an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data. The mean cell length of strain LAMB090611 is (14.2±1.8) µm (range 11.1–18.7 µm) and mean width is (10.8±1.5) µm (range 8.2–14.7 µm). The mean cell length of strain LAMB010601 is (15.1±1.2) µm (range 12.7–17.9 µm) and the mean width is (11.4±1.1) µm (range 9.1–14.7 µm), respectively. The two strains are similar in morphological characteristics, including a straight apical groove, distinct ventral pore, sulcal extension, cingulum displacement, two or four irregular shaped chloroplasts within the cell and almost equal sized epicone and hypocone. The large and round nucleus is located at the center or at the hypocone of the cell. The sequence length of the ECS strain LAMB090611 and the German strain LAMB010601 is 640 and 646 bp, respectively. The GC content is 49%. The nucleotide similarity of the two strains is 98.1%. The sequence divergence is 0.003. Both strains are confirmed as Karlodinium veneficum (D. Ballantine) J. Larsen and this is the first taxonomic report from China and Germany coastal waters. The population dynamics of this toxic species in the ECS and German coastal waters needs to be investigated in the near future.

First observation of Karlodinium veneficum from the East China Sea and the coastal waters of Germany

Targeting ferroptosis: a novel insight against myocardial infarction and ischemia–reperfusion injuries

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