With a rapidly growing population, development of new materials, techniques and devices which can provide safe potable water continues to be one of the major research emphases of the scientific community. While the development of new metal oxide catalysts is progressing, albeit at a slower pace, the concurrent and rapid development of high surface area catalyst supports such as graphene and its functionalised derivatives has provided unprecedented promise in the development of multifunctional catalysts. Recent works have shown that metal oxide/graphene composites can perform multiple roles including (but not limited to): photocatalysts, adsorbents and antimicrobial agents making them an effective agent against all major water pollutants including organic molecules, heavy metal ions and water borne pathogens, respectively. This article presents a comprehensive review on the application of metal oxide/graphene composites in water treatment and their role as photocatalyst, adsorbent and disinfectant in water remediation. Through this review, we discuss the current state of the art in metal oxide/graphene composites for water purification and also provide a comprehensive analysis of the nature of interaction of these composites with various types of pollutants which dictates their photocatalytic, adsorptive and antimicrobial activities. The review concludes with a summary on the role of graphene based materials in removal of pollutants from water and some proposed strategies for designing of highly efficient multifunctional metal oxide/graphene composites for water remediation. A brief perspective on the challenges and new directions in the area is also provided for researchers interested in designing advanced water treatment strategies using graphene based advanced materials.

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Role of graphene/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: a review

Nanocatalysts and other nanomaterials for water remediation from organic pollutants

We successfully fabricated the three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-graphene using a simple one-pot method and exhibited enriched adsorption-photoelectrocatalytic degradation ability of low-concentration bisphenol A (BPA). Combined with the unique adsorption of graphene hydrogel and the effective photoelectrocatalytic performance of TiO2, we rapidly enriched the organic pollutants and conducted efficient in situ degradation. The low-concentration BPA (20 mg/L) was degraded completely by the TiO2-rGH electrode in 5 h through the synergistic effect of adsorption-photoelectrocatalytic. The photogenerated charge on the surface of TiO2 is rapidly separated by the action of the applied electric field and the graphene sheet. The high conductivity of the graphene makes the TiO2-graphene hydrogel rapidly conducting the charge and solves the problem of poor conductivity of the semiconductor electrode. On the basis of these advantages, the TiO2-rGH has a cross-porous network structure that favors the anchor of more TiO2 nanocrystals, the specific surface area and reactive sites are greater than the thin film electrode, and the structure is conducive to significantly improving the BPA removal efficiency. By contrast, the BPA degradation of TiO2-rGO thin film electrode was 40% after 4 h of ultraviolet irradiation, whereas the removal rate of BPA over the same mass of TiO2-rGH electrode rate was up to 96%. At the same time, the TiO2-rGH electrode without filtering can be achieved quickly separated from the recovery due to its special macro-3D network structure. Its removal ability still maintains above 90% after 10 times cyclic experiments with self-regeneration characteristics. It can be achieved rapid separation and recovery without filtering.

Combination of photoelectrocatalysis and adsorption for removal of bisphenol A over TiO2-graphene hydrogel with 3D network structure

The design and architecture of visible-light-active photocatalysts is a key aim among material scientists for the efficient utilization of renewable solar energy. In this paper, a series of noble metal (Pt, Pd, Ag and Au) nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 (GT) were successfully synthesized through a dual step process. In the first step, GT nanocomposites were prepared using a solvothermal method. The as-prepared hybrid nanostructures were subsequently employed as supporting materials for the dispersion of metal nanoparticles. A simple polyol process was used to respectively reduce metal ions (PtCl62−, Pd2+, Ag+, and AuCl4−) into metal (Pt, Pd, Ag and Au) nanoparticles on GT. The three-component nanocomposites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activities toward the photoreduction of CO2 into CH4 gas under the irradiation of typical daylight bulbs. This was attributed to the multiplex phenomena such as an enhanced utilization of visible light, efficient electron transfer in the noble metal-doped GT nanojunctions and interfacial electron transfer in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets, as evidenced by UV–vis and PL characterizations. Among the noble metals studied, the Pt-doped GT nanocomposites showed the highest efficiency in reducing CO2. A total CH4 yield of 1.70 μmol/gcat was achieved after 6 h of light irradiation, which was 2.6 and 13.2 folds higher in comparison to GT and commercial P25, respectively. Based on the experimental results obtained, a plausible mechanism for the photocatalytic process associated with Pt-GT was proposed.

Noble metal modified reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 ternary nanostructures for efficient visible-light-driven photoreduction of carbon dioxide into methane

Ag-based semiconductor photocatalysts in environmental purification

Graphene-TiO2 Composite Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Fabrication of a TiO2/Au Nanorod Array for Enhanced Photocatalysis

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Graphene-TiO2 Composite Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Fabrication of a TiO2/Au Nanorod Array for Enhanced Photocatalysis