Photoelectrochemical sensing is an attractive tool for rapid and accurate monitor of chemical and biochemical mole-cules. Compared with conventional analysis techniques, photoelectrochemical sensing exhibits unique technique superiority and has become a hot topic in material chemis-try and analytical chemistry. This review provides an over-view of the important advances in the construction and application of photoelectrochemical sensing in recent year. In the first segment, we briefly introduce the general princi-ple and technical characteristic of photoelectrochemical sensing. In the subsequent sections, we primarily devote to elaborating the typical strategies of design and engineering photoactive materials for improve the light excitation as well as charge separation/transfer to modulate the perfor-mance of photoelectrochemical sensing system. Addition-ally, the current research status of photoelectrochemical sensing with a particular emphasis on the innovative sens-ing devices and detection modes for achieving specific sensing functions is describes in detail with the illustrative examples. Finally, the critical challenges on the journey to achieve real-life applications of photoelectrochemical sens-ing and the viable solutions for solving these problems as well as the future research perspectives are discussed.

Recent Advances in Photoelectrochemical Sensing: From Engineered Photoactive Materials to Sensing Devices and Detection Modes.

A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) enzyme immunoassay was designed for the ultrasensitive detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) based on near-infrared (NIR) light-excited core–core–shell UCNP@Au@CdS upconversion nanospheres. Plasmonic gold (Au) between the sandwiched layers was not only utilized as an energy harvester for the collection of the incident light but also acted as an energy conveyor to transfer the energy from upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ (UCNP) to semiconductor CdS, thus exciting the efficient separation of electron–hole pairs by the generated H2O2 of enzyme immunoreaction under the irradiation of a 980 nm laser. By virtue of high catalytic activity of natural enzymes, gold nanoparticles heavily functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) and polyclonal anti-AFP antibody were utilized to generate H2O2. A sandwiched immunoreaction was first carried out in a monoclonal anti-AFP antibody-coated microplate by using an antibody-labeled gold nanoparticle as secondary antibody. Accompanying the gold na...

Near-Infrared Light-Excited Core–Core–Shell UCNP@Au@CdS Upconversion Nanospheres for Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Enzyme Immunoassay

Toxic gases, such as NOx, SOx, H2S and other S-containing gases, cause numerous harmful effects on human health even at very low gas concentrations. Reliable detection of various gases in low concentration is mandatory in the fields such as industrial plants, environmental monitoring, air quality assurance, automotive technologies and so on. In this paper, the recent advances in electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detections were reviewed and summarized with a focus on NO2, SO2 and H2S gas sensors. The recent progress of the detection of each of these toxic gases was categorized by the highly explored sensing materials over the past few decades. The important sensing performance parameters like sensitivity/response, response and recovery times at certain gas concentration and operating temperature for different sensor materials and structures have been summarized and tabulated to provide a thorough performance comparison. A novel metric, sensitivity per ppm/response time ratio has been calculated for each sensor in order to compare the overall sensing performance on the same reference. It is found that hybrid materials-based sensors exhibit the highest average ratio for NO2 gas sensing, whereas GaN and metal-oxide based sensors possess the highest ratio for SO2 and H2S gas sensing, respectively. Recently, significant research efforts have been made exploring new sensor materials, such as graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), GaN, metal-metal oxide nanostructures, solid electrolytes and organic materials to detect the above-mentioned toxic gases. In addition, the contemporary progress in SO2 gas sensors based on zeolite and paper and H2S gas sensors based on colorimetric and metal-organic framework (MOF) structures have also been reviewed. Finally, this work reviewed the recent first principle studies on the interaction between gas molecules and novel promising materials like arsenene, borophene, blue phosphorene, GeSe monolayer and germanene. The goal is to understand the surface interaction mechanism.

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Toxic Gases: NO₂, SO₂ and H₂S.

A signal-on photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was successfully established for the sensitive monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by using copper indium disulfide-sensitized graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4/CuInS2) as the photosensitive material and cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) as the light-blocking material, coupling target-triggered hybridization chain reaction (HCR) with hydrolysate-induced dissolution/etching of CoOOH nanosheets. Initially, a sandwiched reaction occurred between capture aptamer-conjugated magnetic bead and trigger aptamer in the presence of CEA. Then, the carried trigger aptamer initiated HCR between two hairpin sequences to produce long double-helix strand for capturing alkaline phosphatase. The generated ascorbic acid reduced/etched CoOOH nanosheets into divalent cobalt ions, which decreased the amount and thickness of CoOOH and exposed the underlying g-C3N4/CuInS2, thus leading to a distinct increase in the photocurrent. Under optimum conditions, PEC sensor showed high sensitivity toward CEA with a dynamic range of 0.02−40 ng mL−1 and a detection limit of 5.2 pg mL−1. Also, it possessed favorable selectivity, high stability as well as good precision. The accuracy of PEC approach was well consistent with commercial CEA ELISA kit. These exceptional analytical performances of PEC biosensor indicated that it might have a broad application prospect in the diagnosis of CEA.

CoOOH nanosheets-coated g-C3N4/CuInS2 nanohybrids for photoelectrochemical biosensor of carcinoembryonic antigen coupling hybridization chain reaction with etching reaction

MOF-818 nanozyme-based colorimetric and electrochemical dual-mode smartphone sensing platform for in situ detection of H2O2 and H2S released from living cells

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic molecule to human health, but high-performance detection of it remains a challenge. Herein, we report an ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for H2S ...

Cd2+-Doped Amorphous TiO2 Hollow Spheres for Robust and Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Sulfide.

Selectivity is a crucial parameter for photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing in a practical setting. Despite the use of specific probes such as aptamers, antibodies, and enzymes, coexisting interferences can still result in inaccuracies in PEC sensing, especially for complex biosample matrixes. Here we report the design of an Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 magnetic-optical bifunctional beacon applied in a novel PEC sensor that can selectively capture progesterone in complex biosamples, be magnetically separated and cleaned, and be detected in pure phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The magnetic separation strategy efficiently removes the complex coexisting species from the modified electrode surface and drastically enhances the selectivity of the as-designed PEC sensor. The as-designed PEC sensor is cost-effective, easy to fabricate, highly selective and sensitive, and highly reliable, making it a promising platform for efficient aptasensing.

Magnetic-Optical Core-Shell Nanostructures for Highly Selective Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing.

The development of cost-effective and highly sensitive SO2 sensors is an urgent task since SO2 causes worldwide serious environmental security and human diseases. Herein, a first photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for SO2 was constructed based on Ba2+ doped amorphous TiO2 hollow spheres. They were successfully prepared by SiO2 template method before in situ Ba2+ ions exchanging and doping. Before assay, SO2 was oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and generated H2SO4, which was further neutralized by NaOH resulting in the generation of Na2SO4. When it reacted with Ba2+-doped TiO2 hollow spheres, the produced BaSO4 nanoparticles leaded to the photocurrent remarkably decreased due to the photo-induced electron pathways shut down. The fabricated PEC sensor was linear with the concentration of SO42− in the range from 1 to 4000 pmol L−1 with a detection limit of 0.4 pmol L−1. The other conventional species did not interfere in the detection of SO42− in aqueous system and the fabricated PEC sensor was successfully applied in monitoring of SO2 in industry waste gas. It demonstrated good performance including wide dynamic linear range, high selectivity, ultrasensitivity, excellent stability and low cost. This strategy paves a new way for other similar air pollutants.

In situ Ba2+ exchange in amorphous TiO2 hollow sphere for derived photoelectrochemical sensing of sulfur dioxide

The invention belongs to the field of functional materials and provides an in-situ preparation method of an Ag2O/Ag/TiO2 hollow sphere Z-scheme type photoelectrode. The specific steps include: synthesizing an SiO2 microsphere as a template, preparing an SiO2 @ TiO2 microsphere, preparing a nano-Ag doped TiO2 hollow sphere, preparing a nano-Ag doped TiO2 hollow sphere modified ITO electrode, and obtaining a nano-Ag2O/Ag/TiO2 photoelectrode. A silicon dioxide microsphere is taken as a template, silver ion are reduced in situ through ion exchange to realize nanometer silver doped amorphous titanium dioxide, and then simple and convenient preparation of an Ag2O/Ag/TiO2 photoelectrode is realized through oxidation. The prepared photoelectrode has good reproducibility and corrosion resistance, and is an Ag 2O/Ag/TiO 2 hollow sphere Z-scheme type photoelectrode with a noble metal nano silver plasmonic effect.

In-situ preparation method of Ag2O/Ag/TiO2 hollow sphere Z-scheme type photoelectrode

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Cd2+-Doped Amorphous TiO2 Hollow Spheres for Robust and Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Sulfide.

Magnetic-Optical Core-Shell Nanostructures for Highly Selective Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing.

In situ Ba2+ exchange in amorphous TiO2 hollow sphere for derived photoelectrochemical sensing of sulfur dioxide

In-situ preparation method of Ag2O/Ag/TiO2 hollow sphere Z-scheme type photoelectrode