CO2 conversion covers a wide range of possible application areas from fuels to bulk and commodity chemicals and even to specialty products with biological activity such as pharmaceuticals. In the present review, we discuss selected examples in these areas in a combined analysis of the state-of-the-art of synthetic methodologies and processes with their life cycle assessment. Thereby, we attempted to assess the potential to reduce the environmental footprint in these application fields relative to the current petrochemical value chain. This analysis and discussion differs significantly from a viewpoint on CO2 utilization as a measure for global CO2 mitigation. Whereas the latter focuses on reducing the end-of-pipe problem “CO2 emissions” from todays’ industries, the approach taken here tries to identify opportunities by exploiting a novel feedstock that avoids the utilization of fossil resource in transition toward more sustainable future production. Thus, the motivation to develop CO2-based chemistry does...

Sustainable Conversion of Carbon Dioxide: An Integrated Review of Catalysis and Life Cycle Assessment

Dry (CO2) reforming of methane (DRM) is a well-studied reaction that is of both scientific and industrial importance. This reaction produces syngas that can be used to produce a wide range of products, such as higher alkanes and oxygenates by means of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. DRM is inevitably accompanied by deactivation due to carbon deposition. DRM is also a highly endothermic reaction and requires operating temperatures of 800–1000 °C to attain high equilibrium conversion of CH4 and CO2 to H2 and CO and to minimize the thermodynamic driving force for carbon deposition. The most widely used catalysts for DRM are based on Ni. However, many of these catalysts undergo severe deactivation due to carbon deposition. Noble metals have also been studied and are typically found to be much more resistant to carbon deposition than Ni catalysts, but are generally uneconomical. Noble metals can also be used to promote the Ni catalysts in order to increase their resistance to deactivation. In order to design catalysts that minimize deactivation, it is necessary to understand the elementary steps involved in the activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2. This review will cover DRM literature for catalysts based on Rh, Ru, Pt, and Pd metals. This includes the effect of these noble metals on the kinetics, mechanism and deactivation of these catalysts.

A review of dry (CO2) reforming of methane over noble metal catalysts

Recent Advances in Dry Reforming of Methane Over Ni-Based Catalysts

A review on dry reforming of methane in aspect of catalytic properties

The mitigation and utilization of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are among the most important challenges in the area of energy research. Dry reforming of CH4 (DRM), which uses both CO2 and CH4 as reactants, is a potential method to utilize the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Natural gas containing high concentrations of CO2 and CH4 could therefore be utilized for hydrogen and synthesis gas (syngas) production in the near future, without need for the removal of CO2 from the source gas. Thus, the DRM reaction is a suitable process to convert CH4 and CO2 to syngas, which is a raw material for liquid fuel production, through the Fischer–Tropsch process. Herein, the development of CO2 reforming for syngas production is reviewed, covering process chemistry, catalyst development, and process technologies as well as the potential future direction for this process.

Catalytic Technology for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

Dry reforming of methane to synthesis gas was studied over Ni-based catalysts. Compared to Ni/γ-Al2O3, the Ni/MgO-γ-Al2O3 and Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts exhibit higher activity and better stability using a stoichiometric feed ratio (1:1). The MgAl2O4 spinel layer in Ni/MgO-γ-Al2O3 can effectively suppress the phase transformation to form NiAl2O4 spinel phases and can stabilize the Ni tiny crystallites, to which the good stability of the catalyst contributes. The application of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) prepared by the co-precipitation method as a support of Ni catalysts can give a high active catalytic system with excellent stability under reaction conditions. The high sintering-resistance ability and low acidity of MgAl2O4 compared to γ-Al2O3 and the interactions between Ni and MgAl2O4 might be responsible for its high activity and resistant to coking and sintering, because it can produce a highly dispersed active Ni species.

Dry reforming of methane over nickel catalysts supported on magnesium aluminate spinels

Novel synthesis of high surface area MgAl2O4 spinel as catalyst support

The dehydrogenation and aromatization of propane over Re/HZSM-5 and Ga/HZSM-5 was investigated at temperatures ranging from 623 to 923 K under atmosphere pressure. The strong acid sites declined upon introduction of rhenium to HZSM-5, and were not influenced by gallium. Compared with Ga/HZSM-5, Re/HZSM-5 exhibited remarkable enhancement of propane dehydrogenation while the decomposition slowed down with time on stream. Addition of CO2 (30%) to the feed obviously inhibited the transformation of propane and the selectivity to aromatics. In contrast, addition of methane enhanced the selectivity to aromatic products. Meanwhile, formation of methane from propane was inhibited and the methane from the starting mixture was transformed.

Dehydrogenation and aromatization of propane over rhenium-modified HZSM-5 catalyst

TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by the hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) using TMA (tetramethylamine) as a peptizer in the hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic degradation of Orange II has been studied in a batch reactor under UV light. The particle size was similar to that from hydrothermal treatment at 120-170 o C, but it increased to 23 nm at 200 o C. The titania particles prepared at 170 o C and calcined at 600 o C showed the highest activity in the photocatalytic decomposition of Orange II.

Improvement of stability of out-layer MgAl 2 O 4 spinel for a Ni/MgAl 2 O 4 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst in dry reforming of methane

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Dry reforming of methane over nickel catalysts supported on magnesium aluminate spinels

Novel synthesis of high surface area MgAl2O4 spinel as catalyst support

Dehydrogenation and aromatization of propane over rhenium-modified HZSM-5 catalyst

Improvement of stability of out-layer MgAl 2 O 4 spinel for a Ni/MgAl 2 O 4 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst in dry reforming of methane