Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important tree in the Middle East and North Africa due to the nutritional value of its fruit. Molecular Breeding would accelerate genetic improvement of fruit tree through marker assisted selection. However, the lack of molecular markers in date palm restricts the application of molecular breeding. In this study, we analyzed 28,889 EST sequences from the date palm genome database to identify simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) and to develop gene-based markers, i.e. expressed sequence tag-SSRs (EST-SSRs). We identified 4,609 ESTs as containing SSRs, among which, trinucleotide motifs (69.7%) were the most common, followed by tetranucleotide (10.4%) and dinucleotide motifs (9.6%). The motif AG (85.7%) was most abundant in dinucleotides, while motifs AGG (26.8%), AAG (19.3%), and AGC (16.1%) were most common among trinucleotides. A total of 4,967 primer pairs were designed for EST-SSR markers from the computational data. In a follow up laboratory study, we tested a sample of 20 random selected primer pairs for amplification and polymorphism detection using genomic DNA from date palm cultivars. Nearly one-third of these primer pairs detected DNA polymorphism to differentiate the twelve date palm cultivars used. Functional categorization of EST sequences containing SSRs revealed that 3,108 (67.4%) of such ESTs had homology with known proteins. Date palm EST sequences exhibits a good resource for developing gene-based markers. These genic markers identified in our study may provide a valuable genetic and genomic tool for further genetic research and varietal development in date palm, such as diversity study, QTL mapping, and molecular breeding.

/pdf/identification-and-characterization-of-gene-based-ssr-5git8k1wf1.pdf

Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Background
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is an important traditional medical herb in China and other Asian countries, with high medicinal and economic value. However, a lack of available genomic information has become a limitation for research on this species. Thus, we carried out high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing of H. cordata to generate an enormous transcriptome sequence dataset for gene discovery and molecular marker development.

/pdf/transcriptome-analysis-of-houttuynia-cordata-thunb-by-3rwpwz4dwl.pdf

Transcriptome analysis of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. by Illumina paired-end RNA sequencing and SSR marker discovery.

Genus Paris mainly distributed in Asia and served as traditional ethnobotanical medicine in China, India, and Nepal. The main aim of this study was to review ethnic minorities medicinal records for Paris in China, the Chinese patent medicines based on Paris materials and the authentication and quality evaluation of Paris based on two parts of analytical technologies and data analysis. This article reviews approximately 100 articles from 1980 to 2019 published on the research of genus Paris materials and their Chinese patent medicines. Additionally, local books were also searched. Five major kinds of chemical techniques have been applied to authentication and quality assessment of Paris and among them, chromatography was the most widely used one, and DNA barcoding technique was the most worth further study. Additionally, more than 70% of the research studies were analyzed by unsupervised pattern-recognition techniques combined with analytical technologies such as spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the data fusion strategy with higher classification ability combined multiple supervised pattern-recognition techniques have been gradually applied to authentication assessment. The optimal analytical technologies and methods applied to Paris qualities for authentication and quality evaluation are greatly important, which could promote the development and utilization for ethnomedicines of Paris.

Application of Authentication Evaluation Techniques of Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant Genus Paris: A Review.

The contents of 22 essential mineral elements and trace, heavy and toxic metals in 14 herbal drugs collected from the local markets of the western province of Saudi Arabia have been determined. All investigated elements were detected using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) after pretreatment of the tested samples with microwave digestion system. The levels of the most dangerous heavy metals Cd and Pb in the samples were below the maximum permitted levels reported by World health Organization (WHO) standards. K and Ca were present at high levels in samples 2 (Chamomile) and 11 (Becham), respectively. Ca and Mg were the most abundant mineral elements in all herbal samples. Moreover, it is observed that the concentrations of most of the tested toxic metals in the investigated herbal plants are found below the permitted levels reported by the international regulatory standards of the medicinal plants. 

	 

	Key words: Herbal drugs, mineral elements, toxic metals, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), microwave digestion.

https://vvww.academicjournals.org/article/article1411125147_Maghrabi.pdf

Determination of some mineral and heavy metals in Saudi Arabia popular herbal drugs using modern techniques

Paris polyphylla Smith is an important medicinal plant that is considered vulnerable in many parts of the world. The species exhibits poor adaptability to changed environment and susceptible to climatic conditions for reproductive vigor. During the present study the species was studied in four different natural niches as well as synthetic habitats to check the adaptability to artificial conditions, its morphological and physiological characters and its interaction in its community so that conservation strategies could be worked out. The present study indicates that P. polyphylla exhibits healthy growth as well as reproduction in undisturbed area with canopy covers over 80%. The plant grows in well-drained rich humus soil and grows well with certain key associated species such as Quercus species, Taxus baccata, Aconitum species, Eupatorium adenophorum, Smilax species etc. Many plants were non-flowering and more than 60% were found non-flowering in its habitat during its flowering season in any particular year. There are clear morphological changes as the flowers stages from pre-fertilization to post-fertilization. Arrangement of anthers in two whorls shows a distinct and unique floral display. Light is an important factor during seed setting and less than 50% shade lowers the seed productivity very significantly. Predators such as slugs and snails are found on the plant. Urgent conservation and new innovative ways are necessary to propagate this economically important plant to ensure its continuity.

/pdf/studies-on-vegetative-and-reproductive-ecology-of-paris-y6wm1p6u9e.pdf

Studies on Vegetative and Reproductive Ecology of Paris polyphylla Smith: A Vulnerable Medicinal Plant

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is known to be used as medicine for anti-cancer and traumatic injuries. The present investigation was carried out to estimate the mineral elements in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis collected from different locations of South West China by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The contents of its mineral elements were found in the order of Ca > K > Mg > Fe > Na > Cu > Mn > Zn > Cr. The content levels of some elements, such as Cr, Cu, Ca and Mn in the samples were usually affected by environmental conditions, whereas the contents of Mg and K were rather stable in the same species or variety. The contents of the most determined elements in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is different from other medicinal species in genus Paris .

/pdf/evaluation-of-mineral-element-contents-in-paris-polyphylla-1vkk3yu6jy.pdf

Evaluation of mineral element contents in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis from Southwest China

Paris L. (Trilliaceae) is a temperate genus of about 24 perennial herbaceous species distributed from Europe to Eastern Asia. Paris is notable in China for its medicinal value. An investigation was conducted to determine the variations of 27 morphological characters of 196 accessions from 8 populations of medicinal Paris from China and Vietnam. Variations of qualitative and quantitative characters showed high diversity in medicinal Paris . The first four principal components in the principal component analysis explained 59.36% of the total variation among 8 medicinal Paris taxon. The clustering of the accessions based on morphological similarity reflected their geographic origin. Overall, the results would be provided for the conservation and sustainable utilization of this medicine resource. Key words: Morphological characterization, genus Paris resource, wild medicinal plant, conservation.

/pdf/morphological-diversity-of-wild-medicinal-paris-l-from-china-26kcocczpl.pdf

Morphological diversity of wild medicinal Paris L. from China and Vietnam

Objective To comparatively determine the genetic variation and differentiation of different breeding strains of Panax notoginseng for providing the basic information for genetic breeding. Method The genetic diversity and genetic structure of the 17 breeding strains of P. notoginseng were assayed by using EST-SSR molecular marker. Result A total of 136 polymorphic loci of EST-SSR were detected in the 17 breeding strains of P. notoginseng, with the PIC (polymorphism information content) being 0.78, H (the gene diversity within population) being 0.139, the I (the Shannon's information index) being 0.208. Gst (coefficient of gene differentiation) was 0.382 among the 17 strains. The cluster analysis of genetic similarity showed that the 17 strains of P. notoginseng and P. stipuleanatus were classified into 4 groups, while the 17 strains of P. notoginseng were classified into three subgroups. Conclusion The genetic differentiation was detected among the 17 strains of P. notoginseng from the same cultivation population by bulk selecting. And it was feasible to detect the effect of bulk selection by EST-SSR markers.

[Breeding strains of Panax notoginseng by using EST-SSR markers].

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Papers

Evaluation of mineral element contents in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis from Southwest China

Morphological diversity of wild medicinal Paris L. from China and Vietnam

[Breeding strains of Panax notoginseng by using EST-SSR markers].