Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal–cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references)

Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes

Fullerenes have the characteristic of a hollow interior, and this unique feature triggers intuitive inspiration to entrap atoms, ions or clusters inside the carbon cage in the form of endohedral fullerenes. In particular, upon entrapping an otherwise unstable metal cluster into a carbon cage, the so-called endohedral clusterfullerenes fulfil the mutual stabilization of the inner metal cluster and the outer fullerene cage with a specific isomeric structure which is often unstable as an empty fullerene. A variety of metal clusters have been reported to form endohedral clusterfullerenes, including metal nitrides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, cyanides and so on, making endohedral clusterfullerenes the most variable and intriguing branch of endohedral fullerenes. In this review article, we present an exhaustive review on all types of endohedral clusterfullerenes reported to date, including their discoveries, syntheses, separations, molecular structures and properties as well as their potential applications in versatile fields such as biomedicine, energy conversion, and so on. At the end, we present an outlook on the prospect of endohedral clusterfullerenes.

When metal clusters meet carbon cages: endohedral clusterfullerenes

The remarkably large cluster Sc4(μ3-O)2 has been obtained trapped inside an Ih-C80 cage by conducting the vaporization of graphite rods doped with copper(II) nitrate and scandium(III) oxide in an electric arc under a low pressure helium atmosphere with an added flow of air. The product has been isolated by chromatography and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The structure of Sc4(μ3-O)2@Ih-C80 has been determined by X-ray crystallography on a crystal of Sc4(μ3-O)2@Ih-C80·NiII(OEP)·2(C6H6). The Sc4(μ3-O)2 unit consists of a distorted tetrahedron of scandium atoms with oxygen atoms bridging two of its faces. The Sc−Sc distances range from 2.946(7) to 3.379(7) A.

A Distorted Tetrahedral Metal Oxide Cluster inside an Icosahedral Carbon Cage. Synthesis, Isolation, and Structural Characterization of Sc4(μ3-O)2@Ih-C80

The magnetism of DySc2N@C80 endoful- lerene was studied with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and a magnetometer with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) down to temper- atures of 2 K and in fields up to 7 T. XMCD shows hysteresis of the 4f spin and orbital moment in Dy III ions. SQUID magnetometry indicates hysteresis below 6 K, while thermal and nonthermal relaxation is observed. Dilution of DySc2N@C80 samples with C60 increases the zero-field 4f electron relaxation time at 2 K to several hours.

An Endohedral Single-Molecule Magnet with Long Relaxation Times:

eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website.

/pdf/harnessing-the-synergistic-and-complementary-properties-of-54yceu4ydx.pdf

Harnessing the Synergistic and Complementary Properties of Fullerene and Transition-Metal Compounds for Nanomaterial Applications.

Structural characterizations of three new mixed-metal endohedrals, GdSc2N@Ih-C80, Gd2ScN@Ih-C80, and TbSc2@Ih-C80, have been obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction on GdSc2N@Ih-C80·NiII(OEP)·2C6H6, Gd2ScN@Ih-C80·NiII(OEP)·2C6H6, and TbSc2N@Ih-C80·NiII(OEP)·2C6H6. All three have Ih-C80 cages and planar MM′2N units. The central nitride ion is positioned further from the larger Gd3+ or Tb3+ ions and closer to the smaller Sc3+ ions. The MM′2N units show a remarkable degree of orientational order in these and related compounds in which the endohedral fullerene is cocrystallized with a metalloporphyrin. The MM′2N units are oriented perpendicularly to the porphyrin plane and aligned along one of the N−Ni−N axes of the porphyrin. The smaller Sc3+ ions show a marked preference to lie near the porphyrin plane. The larger Gd3+ or Tb3+ ions assume positions further from the plane of the porphyrin. The roles of dipole forces and electrostatic forces in ordering these cocrystals of endohedral fullerenes and metal...

Internal and External Factors in the Structural Organization in Cocrystals of the Mixed-Metal Endohedrals (GdSc2N@Ih-C80, Gd2ScN@Ih-C80, and TbSc2N@Ih-C80) and Nickel(II) Octaethylporphyrin

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Internal and External Factors in the Structural Organization in Cocrystals of the Mixed-Metal Endohedrals (GdSc2N@Ih-C80, Gd2ScN@Ih-C80, and TbSc2N@Ih-C80) and Nickel(II) Octaethylporphyrin