The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short-cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non-specific one-dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.

http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/608-53.pdf

The problems of using one-dimensional methods to evaluate multifunctional food and biological antioxidants

http://wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu/ce435/StewardHearnWilkinson2000.pdf

An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties.

Contributors. Preface. Glossary. 1 What Are Surfactants?. 1.1 History and Applications of Surfactants. 1.2Market Overview: Importance in Different Industries. 2 The Basic Theory. 2.1 The Molecular Structure of Surfactants. 2.2 Surface Activity. 2.3 Self Assembled Surfactant Aggregates. 2.4 Adsorption of Surfactants at Surfaces. 3 Applied Theory. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Detergency. 3.3 Phase Behaviour of Surfactants. 3.4 Emulsions. 3.5 Foaming and Defoaming. 3.6 Rheology of Surfactant Solutions. 4 Anionic Surfactants. 4.1 Sulphonates. 4.2 Sulphates. 4.3 Phosphate Esters. 4.4 Carboxylates. 5 Nonionic Surfactants. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General Alkoxylation Reactions. 5.3 Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates. 5.4 Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates. 5.5 Poloxyethylene Esters of Fatty Acids. 5.6 Methyl Ester Ethoxylates. 5.7 Polyalkylene Oxide Block Copolymers. 5.8 Amine Ethoxylaates. 5.9 Fatty Alkanolamides. 5.10 Amine Oxides. 5.11 Esters of Polyhydric Alcohols and Fatty Acids. 5.12 Glycol Esters. 5.13 Glycerol Esters. 5.14 Polyglycerol Esters. 5.15 Anhydrohexitol Esters. 5.16 Polyalkylene Polyol Esters. 5.17 Alkyl Polyglucosides. 5.18 Gemini Surfactants. 6 Other Types of Surfactants. 6.1 Cationic Surfactants. 6.2 Amphoteric Surfactants. 6.3 Silicone Surfactants. 6.4 Polymerisable Surfactants. 6.5 Fluorinated Surfactants. 7 Relevant European Legislation. 7.1 Biodegradability. 7.2 Classification and Labelling of Surfactants. 7.3 European Union New Chemicals Strategy. 7.4 Biocidal Products Directive. 8 Relevant Legislation, Australia, Japan and USA. 8.1 Australia. 8.2 Japan. 8.3 USA. 9 Surfactant Manufacturers. Index

/pdf/chemistry-and-technology-of-surfactants-4y75zizhup.pdf

Chemistry and technology of surfactants

http://www.wag.caltech.edu/publications/sup/pdf/857.pdf

New surfactant classes for enhanced oil recovery and their tertiary oil recovery potential

Microemulsions—Modern Colloidal Carrier for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery

The use of glycerol carbonate (I) is claimed as: (i) an emulsifier for the preparation of surface-active compositions; (ii) a replacement for silicone oil in cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical compositions; or (iii) a brightening agent in the preparation of cosmetic compositions.

Surface-active compositions, especially cosmetics, containing glycerol carbonate as emulsifier

Oil-in-water emulsions with one or more water-insoluble oil bodies, water and one or more alkyl glucosides as emulsifiers and an additional content of a fatty acid partial glyceride as a crystallisation inhibitor are distinguished by good storage life It is furthermore possible, on the basis of alkyl glucosides and fatty acid partial glycerides to formulate emulsifier concentrates which are suitable for the production of long-storage-life oil-in-water emulsions

Oil-in-water emulsions

A cationic sugar surfactant made by a process involving: (a) reacting an alkyl or alkenyl oligoglycoside of the formula (I): R.sup.1 O-- G!.sub.p (I) wherein R 1 is an alkyl or an alkenyl radical having from 4 to 22 carbon atoms, G is sugar unit having 5 or 6 carbon atoms and p is a number from 1 to 10, with either a chloroacetic acid, chloroacetic anhydride or chloroacetic acid methyl ester; and (b) reacting the product from step (a) with a tertiary amine of the formula (II): ##STR1## wherein each of R 2 and R 3 is an alkyl or alkenyl radical having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms.

Cationic sugar surfactants

Influence of co-surfactants on microemulsions with alkyl polyglycosides

The invention relates to the use of PIT emulsions, containing (a) C8-C22 fatty acid alkyl esters; (b) C8-C22 fatty alcohols; (c) C8-C22 alcohol polyglycol ether and (d) C8-C22 fatty acid partial glyceride as impregnating and softening agents for papers, non-woven fabrics and tissues.

Use of pit emulsions

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