We develop a theory of movement operations that occur after the syntactic derivation, in the PF component, within the framework of Distributed Morphology.The theory is an extension of what was called Morphological Merger in Marantz 1984 and subsequent work.A primary result is that the locality properties of a Merger operation are determined by the stage in the derivation at which the operation takes place: specifically, Merger that takes place before Vocabulary Insertion, on hierarchical structures, differs from Merger that takes place post—Vocabulary Insertion/linearization.Specific predictions of the model are tested in numerous case studies.Analyses showing the interaction of syntactic movement, PF movement, and rescue operations are provided as well, including a treatment of Englishdo-support.

/pdf/movement-operations-after-syntax-1hsn13qict.pdf

Movement Operations after Syntax

The new C.A.H. rolls majestically on its way. The Fifth Century (covering in effect 478-404 B.C.), though shorter than volume IV, is still (at 2 lbs. 5 ozs.) a substantial book and a reviewer who has read it from cover to cover (ineluctably, but with a faint sense of absurdity, for what normal reader will do the same?) harbours the uncomfortable conviction that it is now time to begin again, like painting the Forth Bridge. But although most readers will treat this as a reference book to dip into, not to swallow whole, its organization has a rationale which is worth grasping. After an initial chapter on sources, chronology and method, the first third of the volume charts a (mostly) political and chronological path through the Pentecontaetia in Greece and the Aegean, with a chapter on Sicily as coda. There is then a marked change of tempo as chapter eight, containing some two hundred pages by seven different authors, provides a wide-ranging thematic survey of culture and society. The final third returns to the original key with three very substantial chapters on the Peloponnesian War. At the end are short chronological notes, a chronological table, a good (though not always completely up-to-date) bibliography, in the style of earlier volumes, and a reasonably full index (but no index locorum). The ' political' chapters are, to mince no words, wholly admirable, both in selection of material and soundness of judgement. The reasoning is (naturally) often debatable but never indefensible. D. M. Lewis's chapter on sources lays a reassuringly sound foundation in treating Thucydides as a great historian whose ' high competence and devotion to truth are not to be doubted'. J. K. Davies, after a perceptive discussion of what made Greeks feel Greek, argues less conventionally that the 470s constitute a period of uncomfortable transition for the polis. Two chapters by P. J. Rhodes (on the Delian League to 449 B.c. and on Athenian internal affairs down to Pericles' ascendancy) and two by D. M. Lewis (on Mainland Greece 479-51 B.C., and on the Thirty Years Peace) provide a massively judicious survey of political developments. (Among judgements of interest note the view that Thucydides' figure of 460 talents for initial tribute may have come from an over-optimistic assessment list; the Delian League may have been initiated as a permanent alliance to bind Athens as much as the allies; the chronological Gordian knot of the 470s and 460s is cut by supposing that Themistocles' flight coincided neither with the siege of Naxos nor that of Thasos (this is over-sceptical); Dipaea is put before the Messenian war and Oenoe almost disappears in 456. The Messenian war goes on till 456/5, leading to a treatment of Athenian policy as relatively aggressive in the early 450s.) After a slightly shaky start, where it is unclear whether Sicily is being divided into four political blocs or six, D. Asheri provides a most useful excursus on Sicily from 478 to 431 B.C. (Why, however, are the Greeks in S. Italy excluded, and why is attention to Sicily after 431 confined to a Peloponnesian War perspective?) The rationale of the central sections (chapter 8) is explained in the Preface as being that the old separate chapters on drama, philosophy, historiography and art 'have been replaced by an attempt to show the cultural achievements in their historical, social and religious contexts'. In the present reviewer's opinion (admittedly a non-

/pdf/the-cambridge-ancient-history-47hde67wiy.pdf

The Cambridge ancient history.

In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin observed "curious parallels" between the processes of biological and linguistic evolution. These parallels mean that evolutionary biologists and historical linguists seek answers to similar questions and face similar problems. As a result, the theory and methodology of the two disciplines have evolved in remarkably similar ways. In addition to Darwin's curious parallels of process, there are a number of equally curious parallels and connections between the development of methods in biology and historical linguistics. Here we briefly review the parallels between biological and linguistic evolution and contrast the historical development of phylogenetic methods in the two disciplines. We then look at a number of recent studies that have applied phylogenetic methods to language data and outline some current problems shared by the two fields.

/pdf/curious-parallels-and-curious-connections-phylogenetic-7rr8w8adnb.pdf

Curious parallels and curious connections : phylogenetic thinking in biology and historical linguistics

The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness is a comprehensive and informative overview of the broad field of language awareness. It contains a collection of state-of-the-art reviews of both established themes and new directions, authored and edited by experts in the field. The handbook is divided into three sections and reflects the engaging diversity of language awareness perspectives on language teaching and teachers, language learning and learners, and extending to additional areas of importance that are less directly concerned with language instruction.

In their introductory chapter, the editors provide valuable background to the language awareness field along with their summary of the chapters and issues covered. A helpful section giving further reading suggestions for each of the chapters is included at the end of the book. This volume is essential reading for graduate students and researchers working in the sphere of language awareness within applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and across the wider spectrum of language and communication.

The Routledge Handbook of Language Awareness

In this article we extend the model of language evolution exemplified in Ringe et al. 2002,
which recovers phylogenetic trees optimized according to a criterion of weighted maximum compatibility,
to include cases in which languages remain in contact and trade linguistic material as
they evolve. We describe our analysis of an Indo-European (IE) dataset (originally assembled by
Ringe and Taylor) based on this new model. Our study shows that this new model fits the IE
family well and suggests that the early evolution of IE involved only limited contact between
distinct lineages. Furthermore, the candidate histories we obtain appear to be consistent with
archaeological findings, which suggests that this method may be of practical use. The case at
hand provides no opportunity to explore the problem of conflict between network optimization
criteria; that problem must be left to future research.

/pdf/perfect-phylogenetic-networks-a-new-methodology-for-4b7mkzss25.pdf

Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages

Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen

A concise comparative Celtic grammar

Linguistic Science in the Nineteenth Century: Methods and Results

A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar

The discovery of language : linguistic science in the nineteenth century

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