Active behavior of the Cytoskeleton

A unique property of the free‐electron laser (FEL) is its capability to be tuned continuously over a wide spectral range. This is a major difference with all other high‐power lasers. However, the tunability of first‐generation FELs used to be quite poor (typically 10% or less), due to constraints imposed by the accelerator and the undulator. The free electron laser for infrared experiments (FELIX) uses an undulator with an adjustable gap, which permits wavelength scans over an octave in typically 2 min without the need for any readjustment of the electron beam. Results obtained in operation of the long‐wavelength FEL of the FELIX facility are presented. These involve measurements of the spectral range covered (16–110 μm), the output power, and the influence of the cavity desynchronism. The results are compared with numerical simulations.

Broadband tunability of a far-infrared free-electron laser

The emittance of an electron beam increases due to multiple scattering when passing through one or more thin foils. The effect of a given foil on a beam’s emittance is dependent on whether the beam is diverging, converging, or at a waist. A method for calculating the growth in emittance using betatron functions is presented. The technique provides a full description of the beam in phase space after a thin scatterer.

Electron beam emittance growth in thin foils: A betatron function analysis

The concept of a traveling-wave free-electron laser (TWFEL) is presented. This hybrid device consists of both a periodic waveguide and a planar wiggler. It combines the interaction mechanisms of both the traveling-wave tube (TWT) and the free-electron laser. This combination produces a synergistic interaction. A linear model of the TWFEL is derived in this paper. It results in a general dispersion equation for the TWFEL interaction. Coupling coefficients are derived for various ratios between the wiggler period ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{W}}$ and the periodic waveguide period ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{p}}$. It is shown that when ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{W}}$=${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{p}}$ the parametric interaction is composed of a double FEL interaction, a TWT interaction, and a hybrid interaction. All these are in resonance with three different spatial harmonics. The coupling coefficient for this scheme is a complex sum of the known FEL and TWT terms, and of complex terms for their cross coupling. It is shown that the coupling coefficient of the synergistic TWFEL interaction (and consequently its gain) can be larger than the sum of the two separate interactions. Simpler TWFEL schemes in which ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{W}}$\ensuremath{\ne}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{p}}$ (single-harmonic interaction) and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{W}}$=2${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{p}}$ (two-harmonic interaction) are presented first as an introduction for the analysis of the ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{W}}$=${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{p}}$ TWFEL interaction. A compact TWFEL based on a miniature wiggler, which functions also as a periodic waveguide, is proposed for operation in the millimeter-wave range with a tenuous low-energy e beam.

Traveling-wave free-electron laser.

The potential advantages and the physical properties of several electron-transparent mirrors (e.g., metal meshes, thin foils, pierced mirrors, and Bragg reflectors) to be used in infrared free-electron laser resonators are reviewed. The conditions under which the effect on the electron beam quality can be kept small are discussed, and experimental results on the angular spread produced by a 2.5- mu m-thick metal mesh on a 5 MeV electron beam are presented. The experimental test of a resonator with two different electron transparent output couplers is reported. >

Compact free-electron laser resonators utilizing electron-transparent mirrors

Wavelength tuning of 0.4 ..mu..m has been obtained by the addition of 100 Torr of H/sub 2/ gas to a vacuum free-electron laser operating in the near infrared. This experiment demonstrates that a relativistic electron beam from an rf linac can propagate in a partially ionized gas with sufficient quality to achieve free-electron laser action. The picosecond pulse structure of the beam is believed responsible for the avoidance of plasma instabilities. Gain and wavelength measurements are consistent with theoretical expectations.

Experimental results on a gas-loaded, free-electron laser.

Experimental elimination of plasma effects in a gas-loaded, free-electron laser.

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Experimental results on a gas-loaded, free-electron laser.

Experimental elimination of plasma effects in a gas-loaded, free-electron laser.