https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/28872270/Pre_proof_Indicator_review.pdf

Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment.

Pepper mild mottle virus as a process indicator at drinking water treatment plants employing coagulation-sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ozonation, and biological activated carbon treatments in Japan.

Pollutants found in the water and air environment represent an ever-growing threat to human health. Contact with some air-, water- and foodborne pathogens (e.g. norovirus) results in gastrointestinal diseases and outbreaks. For future risk mitigation, we aimed to measure people's awareness of waterborne and foodborne norovirus relative to other environment-associated pollutants (e.g. pesticides, bioaerosols, antibiotic resistant bacteria) and well-known risks (e.g. diabetes, dementia, terrorist attack). We used an online survey, which included a best-worst scaling component to elicit personal levels of control and fear prompted by norovirus relative to 15 other risks. There was a negative correlation between levels of fear vs. control for all 16 measured risks. Perceived infection control levels were higher amongst women compared to men and correlated with age and the level of qualification in both groups. Participants who had sought advice regarding the symptoms caused by norovirus appeared to have more control over the risks. Norovirus is associated with high levels of fear, however, the levels of control over it is low compared to other foodborne illnesses, e.g. Salmonella. Addressing this deficit in the public's understanding of how to control exposure to the pathogen in an important health need.

/pdf/investigating-awareness-fear-and-control-associated-with-4nlplp6jmn.pdf

Investigating awareness, fear and control associated with norovirus and other pathogens and pollutants using best-worst scaling.

Norovirus risk at a golf course irrigated with reclaimed water: Should QMRA doses be adjusted for infectiousness?

Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is a commonly used disinfectant for fecal sludge. Although viruses are inactivated by lime treatment, whether RNA viruses adapt to lime treatment has not yet been determined. Here, we show that murine norovirus developed higher tolerance during serial passages with lime treatment. We compared synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide diversities of the three open reading frames of viral genome and revealed that virus populations were subjected to enhanced purifying selection over the course of serial passages with lime treatment. Virus adaptation to lime treatment was coincident with amino acid substitution of lysine to arginine at position 345 (K345R) on the major capsid protein VP1, which accounted for more than 90% of the population. The infectious clones with the K345R produced using a plasmid-based reverse genetics system exhibited greater tolerance in a lime solution, which indicated that the specific amino acid substitution was solely involved in the viral tolerance in lime treatment.

Experimental Adaptation of Murine Norovirus to Calcium Hydroxide

/pdf/norovirus-and-other-caliciviruses-4ao3nbn9yk.pdf

Norovirus and other Caliciviruses

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Norovirus and other Caliciviruses