http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/AFMImages/butt_AFM.pdf

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Over the 100 years since its discovery, liquid crystals have been the intriguing subject for both academia and industries. The textbook of de Gennes The Physics of Liquid Crystals published in 1974 is still the bible for many LC researchers, but new subjects unmentioned in the book have also risen for these years. This chapter describes the story of the recent developments and the future perspectives in physics of liquid crystals, especially focusing on the contributions by Japanese research groups for the last decade.

Physics of Liquid Crystals

Photoinduced motions in azo-containing polymers.

Blue phases are types of liquid crystal phases that appear in a temperature range between a chiral nematic phase and an isotropic liquid phase. Because blue phases have a three-dimensional cubic structure with lattice periods of several hundred nanometres, they exhibit selective Bragg reflections in the range of visible light corresponding to the cubic lattice. From the viewpoint of applications, although blue phases are of interest for fast light modulators or tunable photonic crystals, the very narrow temperature range, usually less than a few kelvin, within which blue phases exist has always been a problem. Here we show the stabilization of blue phases over a temperature range of more than 60 K including room temperature (260–326 K). Furthermore, we demonstrate an electro-optical switching with a response time of the order of 10−4 s for the stabilized blue phases at room temperature.

Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases

http://kbose.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/4/9/10492046/force-distance_curves_by_atomic_force_microscopy_1.pdf

Force-distance curves by atomic force microscopy

Kossel diagrams visualize the directions of strong Bragg reflections from a specimen with periodic ordering. They have played a pivotal role in the determination of the symmetry of cholesteric blue phases, and in the investigation of their structural changes under an electric field. In this work, we present direct numerical calculations of the Kossel diagrams of cholesteric blue phases by solving the Maxwell equations for the transmission and reflection of light incident upon a finite-thickness blue phase cell. Calculated Kossel diagrams are in good agreement with what is expected as a result of Bragg reflections, although some differences are present.

Numerical calculation of Kossel diagrams of cholesteric blue phases

A drastic change from a transparent smectic-A (SmA) phase to a light-scattering chiral nematic (N*) one is achieved in [side chain smectic-A liquid crystalline polymer (SCSmALCP)/low molecular weight nematic liquid crystal (LMWNLC/chiral dopant] a ternary composite system with a homeotropic boundary condition. The light-scattering state of the induced N* phase can be resumed into the initially transparent SmA phase on cooling slowly, and be frozen in the SmA phase on cooling rapidly. The effects of the composition of the ternary composite system on such thermo-optical characteristics are investigated.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10587259808042440

Effects of composition on thermo-optical properties of (side chain smectic-A liquid crystalline polymer/low molecular weight nematic liquid crystal/chiral dopant) ternary composite system

Invited for this month's cover picture is the groups of Professor Hirotsugu Kikuchi and Dr. Yasushi Okumura at the Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering at Kyushu University (Japan). External dynamic control of molecular self-organized superstructures with unique features has been researched, as these structures are applicable to chiral molecular devices. The cover picture shows photocontrol of selective reflection color that originated from the self-organized helical structure of chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*LCs) using closed-/open-type dopants. The drastic structure changes of the dopants by light stimuli enable reversible broad-spectrum control of selective reflections of N*LCs with opposite helical sign. Read the full text of the Full Paper at 10.1002/open.201700121.

https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/open.201700121

Reversible Broad-Spectrum Control of Selective Reflections of Chiral Nematic Phases by Closed-/Open-Type Axially Chiral Azo Dopants.

Enhancement in Response Speed of Bistable Switching for Composites of Liquid-Crystalline Polymers and Low-Molecular-Weight Liquid Crystals

Response improvement of microstrip line microwave and miliwave phase shifter utilizing polymer stabilized nematic liquid crystal with UV polymerization

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