A system, method and article of manufacture are provided for using a dynamic object in a programming language. In general, an object is defined with an associated first value and second value. The first value is used in association with the object during a predetermined clock cycle. The second value is used in association with the object before or after the predetermined clock cycle.

System, method and article of manufacture for signal constructs in a programming language capable of programming hardware architectures

This book gives the fundamental principles and device design techniques for surface acoustic wave filters. It covers the devices in widespread use today: bandpass and pulse compression filters, correlators and non-linear convolvers and resonators. The newest technologies for low bandpass filters are fully covered such as unidirectional transducers, resonators in impedance element filters, resonators in double-mode surface acoustic wave filters and transverse-coupled resonators using waveguides.The book covers the theory of acoustic wave physics, the piezoelectric effect, electrostatics at a surface, effective permittivity, piezoelectric SAW excitation and reception, and the SAW element factor. These are the main requirements for developing quasi-static theory, which gives a basis for the non-reflective transducers in transversal bandpass filters and interdigital pulse compression filters. It is also needed for the reflective transducers used in the newer devices. It is a thorough revision of a classic on surface acoustic wave filters first published in 1985 and still in print. It uniquely combines easy-to-understand principles with practical design techniques for all the devices in widespread use today. It includes complete coverage of all the latest devices which are key to mobile phones, TVs and radar systems; and, a new foreword by Sir Eric Albert Ash.

Surface Acoustic Wave Filters: With Applications to Electronic Communications and Signal Processing

A technique for transmission of wireless signals across CDMA radio links. Bandwidth is allocated dynamically within a session to specific CDMA subscriber unit based upon data rate determinations. Specifically, a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm operates from limits calculated based upon available ports per subscriber, expected user bandwidth, and parallel user bandwidth versus throughput. Provisions for priority service, unbalanced forward and reverse spectrum utilization, voice prioritization, and band switching are also made.

Dynamic bandwidth allocation to transmit a wireless protocol across a code division multiple access (cdma) radio link

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are the guided waves that propagate along the top surface of a material with wave vectors orthogonal to the normal direction to the surface. Based on these waves, SAW sensors are conceptualized by employing piezoelectric crystals where the guided elastodynamic waves are generated through an electromechanical coupling. Electromechanical coupling in both active and passive modes is achieved by integrating interdigitated electrode transducers (IDT) with the piezoelectric crystals. Innovative meta-designs of the periodic IDTs define the functionality and application of SAW sensors. This review article presents the physics of guided surface acoustic waves and the piezoelectric materials used for designing SAW sensors. Then, how the piezoelectric materials and cuts could alter the functionality of the sensors is explained. The article summarizes a few key configurations of the electrodes and respective guidelines for generating different guided wave patterns such that new applications can be foreseen. Finally, the article explores the applications of SAW sensors and their progress in the fields of biomedical, microfluidics, chemical, and mechano-biological applications along with their crucial roles and potential plans for improvements in the long-term future in the field of science and technology.

/pdf/surface-acoustic-wave-saw-sensors-physics-materials-and-21zbduig.pdf

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: Physics, Materials, and Applications

There has been increasing evidence that micro and messenger RNA derived from exosomes play important roles in pancreatic and other cancers. In this work, a microfluidics-based approach to the analysis of exosomal RNA is presented based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) exosome lysis and ion-exchange nanomembrane RNA sensing performed in conjunction on two separate chips. Using microRNA hsa-miR-550 as a model target and raw cell media from pancreatic cancer cell lines as a biological sample, SAW-based exosome lysis is shown to have a lysis rate of 38%, and an ion-exchange nanomembrane sensor is shown to have a limit of detection of 2 pM, with two decades of linear dynamic range. A universal calibration curve was derived for the membrane sensor and used to detect the target at a concentration of 13 pM in a SAW-lysed sample, which translates to 14 target miRNA per exosome from the raw cell media. At a total analysis time of ~1.5 h, this approach is a significant improvement over existing methods that require two overnight steps and 13 h of processing time. The platform also requires much smaller sample volumes than existing technology (~100 μL as opposed to ~mL) and operates with minimal sample loss, a distinct advantage for studies involving mouse models or other situations where the working fluid is scarce.

On-chip surface acoustic wave lysis and ion-exchange nanomembrane detection of exosomal RNA for pancreatic cancer study and diagnosis

In order to combine an ARQ system and an FEC system, an error correction code is inserted between an error detection code for a variable-length ARQ frame and a frame boundary flag pattern. Information to be transmitted is divided into blocks having a suitable length by a block divider in accordance with a line quality judged by-a line quality judger, and then subjected to a framing operation by an information frame preparer. The information subjected to the framing operation is attached with a CRC code by a CRC code generation/application circuit, subjected by a zero insertion circuit to an insertion of a suitable number of zero bits therein to provide a distinguished frame boundary with a flag, and then transmitted.

Data communication system

As a means to reduce the loss in an SAW filter, the IDT (interdigital transducer) called the internal reflection-type transducer has been studied extensively recently. This IDT is believed to be useful as a filter for video and broadband data transmission since it is simple in structure and has low loss over a broadband while its fabrication process and external circuit are simple. So far, the filter constructed with this IDT has had a large ripple in the passband due to a large spurious reflection. To alleviate this problem, a new distributed acoustic reflection transducer is proposed as an internal reflection type IDT in which suppression of the unwanted spurious reflection is possible over a broad frequency range. Next, the operation mechanism of this IDT is investigated and a first-order design method is presented. It is pointed out that a low-loss filter with an insertion loss less than 10 dB and spurious reflection suppressed by more than 45 dB can be realized with this IDT over a broad frequency range.

Design of low–loss saw filters employing distributed acoustic reflection transducers

A data communication system in which parameter values for data communication can be set at optimum values for data errors. When receiving data formed in a frame structure, the receiving terminal finds the number of errors in the received data. When failing to detect the number of errors, it calculates an approximation of the number of errors from a past error rate. The receiving terminal also calculates an error rate on the basis of the number of errors or the approximation therefor and informs the calculated error rate to a transmitting terminal. The transmitting terminal changes the set values of parameters including frame length of data of the frame structure to be transmitted on the basis of the informed error rate. The receiving terminal finds the number of burst errors generated within the received data, calculates a random error number by subtracting the burst error number from the total error number, and informs the transmitting terminal of the random error number, while the transmitting terminal changes the set values of parameters including frame length of the frame-structured data to be transmitted on the basis of the informed random error number.

Data communication system, apparatus and method which optimize the set value of parameters

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a USB device with built-in program capable of improving convenience while improving security by starting the program built in the USB (universal serial bus) device according to an internally setting environment. SOLUTION: When connected to a USB port of a personal computer body, a reply is sent to device detection from the personal computer body by being converted into a signal for recognizing a CD-ROM and a removable disk by a pseudo-reply converting program. Afterwards, an automatic starting program is started, and an e-mail program is operated according to the setting in a setting file stored in this device. Transmitting-receiving mail and an attachment file are also stored in this device. A mailer exclusive to a user can be easily used by a personal computer of an outing place, and since the content of the transmitting-receiving mail is stored in this device, the USB device with built-in program can improve the security. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Usb device with built-in program

An improved optimization technique is described for a program code for a processor capable of operating on the basis of either one of a plurality of instruction sets in a computer system. The optimization is carried out by the steps of reading said program code of a target program to be optimized, estimating the costs of executable instruction sequences respectively to be obtained by translating said program code on the basis of said plurality of instruction sets; and determining an optimum one of said plurality of instruction sets for translating said program code by evaluating the costs as estimated under a predetermined criteria.

Optimized program code generator, a method for compiling a source text and a computer-readable medium for a processor capable of operating with a plurality of instruction sets

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