Salinity stress affected crop production of more than 20% of irrigated land globally. In the present study the effect of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 100 and 200 mM) on growth, physio-biochemical attributes, antioxidant enzymes, oil content, etc in Brassica juncea and the protective role of Trichoderma harzanium (TH) was investigated. Salinity stress deteriorates growth, physio-biochemical attributes, that ultimately leads to decreased biomass yield in mustard seedlings. Higher concentration of NaCl (200 mM) decreased the plant height by 33.79%, root length by 29.79% and plant dry weight (DW) by 34.50%. On the other hand, supplementation of TH to NaCl treated mustard seedlings showed elevation by 13.81%, 11.83% and 16.76% in shoot, root length and plant DW respectively as compared to plants treated with NaCl (200 mM) alone. Oil content was drastically affected by NaCl treatment; however, TH added plants showed enhanced oil percentage from 19.35% to 23.44% in the present study. NaCl also degenerate the pigment content and the maximum drop of 52.00% was recorded in Chl. ‘a’. Enhanced pigment content was observed by the application of TH to NaCl treated plants. Proline content showed increase by NaCl stress and maximum accumulation of 59.12% was recorded at 200 mM NaCl. Further enhancement to 70.37% in proline content was recorded by supplementation of TH. NaCl stress (200 mM) affirms the increase in H2O2 by 69.57% and MDA by 36.56%, but reduction in the accumulation is recorded by addition of TH to mustard seedlings. 200 mM NaCl elevated SOD, POD, APX, GR, GST, GPX, GSH and GSSG by 31.17%, 43.15%, 26.25%, 29.78%, 40.07%, 31.81%, 42.26% and 64.50% respectively. Further enhancement was observed by the application of TH to the NaCl fed seedlings. NaCl stress suppresses the uptake of important elements in both roots and shoots, however addition of TH restored the elemental uptake in the present study. Mustard seedlings treated with NaCl and TH showed restricted Na uptake as compared to seedlings treated with NaCl alone. In conclusion, TH proved to be very beneficial in imparting resistance to the mustard plants against NaCl stress through improved uptake of essential elements, modulation of

/pdf/role-of-trichoderma-harzianum-in-mitigating-nacl-stress-in-4aheul21ak.pdf

Role of Trichoderma harzianum in mitigating NaCl stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L) through antioxidative defense system.

Salinity is a leading threat to crop growth throughout the world. Salt stress induces altered physiological processes and several inhibitory effects on the growth of cereals, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we determined the effects of salinity on five spring and five winter wheat genotypes seedlings. We evaluated the salt stress on root and shoot growth attributes, i.e., root length (RL), shoot length (SL), the relative growth rate of root length (RGR-RL), and shoot length (RGR-SL). The ionic content of the leaves was also measured. Physiological traits were also assessed, including stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content index (CCI), and light-adapted leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, i.e., the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv′/Fm′) and instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft). Physiological and growth performance under salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mol/L) were explored at the seedling stage. The analysis showed that spring wheat accumulated low Na+ and high K+ in leaf blades compared with winter wheat. Among the genotypes, Sakha 8, S-24, W4909, and W4910 performed better and had improved physiological attributes (gs, Fv′/Fm′, and Ft) and seedling growth traits (RL, SL, RGR-SL, and RGR-RL), which were strongly linked with proper Na+ and K+ discrimination in leaves and the CCI in leaves. The identified genotypes could represent valuable resources for genetic improvement programs to provide a greater understanding of plant tolerance to salt stress.

Effect of Salinity Stress on Physiological Changes in Winter and Spring Wheat

Exogenous application of different plant growth regulators is a well-recognized strategy to alleviate stress-induced adverse effects on different crop plants by regulating a variety of physiobiochemical processes such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, nutrient uptake, antioxidant metabolism, and protein synthesis, which are directly or indirectly involved in the mechanism of stress tolerance. Of various environmental factors, salinity, drought, and extreme temperature (low or high) considerably diminish plant growth and yield by modulating endogenous levels as well as signaling pathways of plant hormones. Of various plant hormones/regulators, a potential plant growth regulator, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), is known to be effective in counteracting the injurious effects of various abiotic stresses in plants. Until now the mechanisms behind ALA regulation of growth under stress have not been fully elucidated. It is also not yet clear how far growth and yield in different crops can be promoted by exogenous application of ALA and whether this ALA-induced growth and yield promotion is cost-effective. Thus, in this review we discuss at length the effects of ALA in regulating growth and development in plants under a variety of abiotic stress conditions, including salinity, drought, and temperature stress. Furthermore, advances in the functional and regulatory interactions of this plant growth regulator with plant stress tolerance, as well as the effective mode of exogenous application of ALA in inducing stress tolerance in plants are also comprehensively discussed in this review. In the future, overaccumulation of ALA in plants through manipulation of gene(s) could enhance plant stress tolerance. Thus, genetic manipulation of plants with the goal of attaining increased synthesis/accumulation of ALA and hence improved stress tolerance under stress conditions is an important area for research.

Regulation in Plant Stress Tolerance by a Potential Plant Growth Regulator, 5-Aminolevulinic Acid

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is one of the most popular grass species in Europe. It is commonly used for establishing the lawns in urban areas, where the salt stress is one of the major environmental conditions limiting its growth. The basic aim of this study was the detailed in vivo analysis of the changes in photosynthetic efficiency, induced by salt stress, of two lawn varieties of Perennial ryegrass and to find out the variety of better properties to create lawn on the soils contaminated with salt. Two lawn varieties of L. perenne L. were used: Nira and Roadrunner. The salinization was applied 8 weeks after sowing by adding NaCl in water solution (0, 0.15, and 0.30 M). The measurements were carried out 8 times: 0, 24, 48, 96, 144, 192, 240 and 288 h after salinization. Our results revealed that the disturbance of PSII function could easily be estimated by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyzing that signal by JIP-test. Our work allowed to identify various limiting parameters of photosynthetic efficiency of perennial ryegrass lawn varieties grown under salt stress conditions. This knowledge can allow for selection of plants with a higher potential photosynthetic efficiency (vitality) during salt stress conditions, that can be used successfully neighboring roads, where salt is applied.

Prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence as a rapid tool for diagnostic changes in PSII structure inhibited by salt stress in Perennial ryegrass.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the salt-induced changes in some key physio-biochemical attributes in eggplant (cv. New Noble) plants. Eggplant plants were grown under varying levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) of sodium chloride under greenhouse conditions supplied with natural light and other climatic conditions. Varying saline regimes in growth medium significantly reduced the shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot and root lengths, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b pigments, photosynthetic rate (A), water-use efficiency, stomatal conductance (g s ), leaf and root K+, total phenolics, total soluble proteins, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and leaf water and osmotic potentials in all eggplant plants. However, in contrast, saline regimes of the root growing medium did not affect transpiration rate (E), internal CO2 concentration (C i ), C i /C a ratio, photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching, efficiency of photosystem-II (F v /F m ), leaf a...

Salt stress affects water relations, photosynthesis, and oxidative defense mechanisms in Solanum melongena L.

Microglia activation drives the pro-inflammatory activity in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanistic basis is elusive, and the hypothesis of targeting microglia to prevent AD onset is little explored. Here, we demonstrated that upon LPS exposure, microglia shift towards an energetic phenotype characterised by high glycolysis and high mitochondrial respiration with dysfunction. Although the activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes is boosted by LPS, this is mostly devoted to the generation of reactive oxygen species. We showed that by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) with dimethyl malonate (DMM), it is possible to modulate the LPS-induced metabolic rewiring, facilitating an anti-inflammatory phenotype. DMM improves mitochondrial function in a direct way and by reducing LPS-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the block of SDH with DMM inhibits the recruitment of hypoxia inducible-factor 1 α (HIF-1α), which mediates the induction of glycolysis and cytokine expression. Similar bioenergetic alterations were observed in the microglia isolated from AD mice (3xTg-AD), which present high levels of circulating LPS and brain toll-like receptor4 (TLR4). Moreover, this well-established model of AD was used to show a potential effect of SDH inhibition in vivo as DMM administration abrogated brain inflammation and modulated the microglia metabolic alterations of 3xTg-AD mice. The RNA-sequencing analysis from a public dataset confirmed the consistent transcription of genes encoding for ETC subunits in the microglia of AD mice (5xFAD). In conclusion, TLR4 activation promotes metabolic changes and the pro-inflammatory activity in microglia, and SDH might represent a promising therapeutic target to prevent AD development. 

Metabolic reprogramming in inflammatory microglia indicates a potential way of targeting inflammation in Alzheimer's disease

Influence of salt stress on water relation parameters and pattern of ion accumulation was observed in 10 spring wheat cultivars, S-24, Lasani, Fsd-2008, Saher-2006, Inqlab-91, AARI-10, P.B-18, S.H-20, M.P-65, and G.A-20 at the seedling stage. The wheat cultivars were grown under saline (150 mM) and non-saline regimes (0 mM). Salt stress markedly reduced different water relation attributes such as leaf osmotic potential (Ψw), water potential (Ψs) and turgor potential (Ψp) of the seedlings of all wheat cultivars. However, relatively less decline in leaf Ψp recorded in cvs. S-24 and G.A-20 could be attributed to their higher degree of salt tolerance. Of different ions, root and leaf K + and Ca 2+

Water relations and ionic composition in the seedlings of some newly developed and candidate cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under saline conditions

Mediation of Growth and Metabolism of Pisum sativum in Salt Stress Potentially Be Credited to Thiamine

A study was conducted to evaluate the structural modifications in some Agave (A. americana, A. americana var. marginata, A. decipiens, A. x leopoldii, A. sisalana, and A. vera-cruz) and Yucca (Y. aloifolia, Y. aloifolia ‘Marginata’, Y. elephantipes, and Y. gloriosa) species in relation to their distribution, cultivation and escape. Agave americana and its var. marginata, and Yucca aloifolia and its cv. Marginata had high values of root epidermis thickness and its cell area, root endodermis thickness and cell area, root cortical cell area, root vascular region area, leaf parenchyma cell area, leaf vascular bundle area, and leaf metaxylem area and thus these species show considerable adaptations to a variety of environments. Multivariate analysis supported the relationship of anatomical characteristics with morphological features to some extent. Thus, the specific anatomical features recorded in this study have considerable importance for taxonomic studies.

Structural adaptations for adaptability in some exotic and naturalized species of agavaceae

Leaf, root, stem and cladode anatomical studies were conducted to evaluate their significance in taxonomy and distribution pattern of Asparagus species in the Faisalabad region, Pakistan. Asparagus adscendens, an important medicinal plant, was the only native species of the region that is distributed widely in the Punjab plains and sub-mountainous region. It is characterized by relatively thick cuticle and epidermis as well as thick endodermis. Asparagus densiflorus and A. setaceus were the widely cultivated species in the region and adapted to a variety of environmental conditions. They had thicker roots, larger parenchymatous cells, and well developed vascular tissue than the other species and cultivars. On the whole, a strong relation of descriptive features with plant anatomy was recorded, and therefore, these features can be used as a tool for the taxonomy of the genus Asparagus. In addition, by using these anatomical modifications their tolerance to environmental stresses can be easily assessed.

Comparative anatomy of root and stem of some native and exotic asparagus l. species

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