Li-ion batteries have contributed to the commercial success of portable electronics and may soon dominate the electric
transportation market provided that major scientific advances including new materials and concepts are developed. Classical
positive electrodes for Li-ion technology operate mainly through an insertion–deinsertion redox process involving cationic
species. However, this mechanism is insufficient to account for the high capacities exhibited by the new generation of Li-rich
(Li1CxNiyCozMn(1

Reversible anionic redox chemistry inhigh-capacity layered-oxide electrodes

The extraordinarily high capacities delivered by lithium-rich oxide cathodes, compared with conventional layered oxide electrodes, are a result of contributions from both cationic and anionic redox processes. This phenomenon has invoked a lot of research exploring new kinds of lithium-rich oxides with multiple-electron redox processes. Though proposed many years ago, anionic redox is now regarded to be crucial in further developing high-capacity electrodes. A basic overview of the previous work on anionic redox is given, and issues related to electronic and geometric structures are discussed, including the principles of activation, reversibility, and the energy barrier of anionic redox. Anionic redox also leads to capacity loss and structural degradation, as well as voltage hysteresis, which shows the importance of controlling anionic redox reactions. Finally, the techniques used for characterizing anionic redox processes are reviewed to aid the rational choice of techniques in future studies. Important perspectives are highlighted, which should instruct future work concerning anionic redox processes.

Anionic Redox in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.

In times of spreading mobile devices, organic batteries represent a promising approach to replace the well-established lithium-ion technology to fulfill the growing demand for small, flexible, safe, as well as sustainable energy storage solutions. In the last years, large efforts have been made regarding the investigation and development of batteries that use organic active materials since they feature superior properties compared to metal-based, in particular lithium-based, energy-storage systems in terms of flexibility and safety as well as with regard to resource availability and disposal. This Review compiles an overview over the most recent studies on the topic. It focuses on the different types of applied active materials, covering both known systems that are optimized and novel structures that aim at being established.

Sustainable Energy Storage: Recent Trends and Developments toward Fully Organic Batteries.

Li-rich layered oxides, e.g. Li[Li 0.20 Ni 0.13 Mn 0.54 Co 0.13 ]O 2 (LR-NMC), lead high energy density Li-ion battery cathodes, thanks to the reversible redox of oxygen anions that boost charge storage capacity. Unfortunately, their commercialization has been stalled by practical issues (i.e. voltage hysteresis, poor rate capability, and voltage fade) and hence it is necessary to investigate whether these problems are intrinsically inherent to anionic redox and its structural consequences. To this end, the 'model' Li-rich layered oxide Li 2 Ru 0.75 Sn 0.25 O 3 (LRSO) is here used as a fertile test-bed for scrutinizing the effects of cationic and anionic redox independently since they are neatly isolated at low and high potentials, respectively. Through an arsenal of electrochemical techniques, we demonstrate that voltage hysteresis is triggered by anionic redox and grows progressively with deeper oxidation of oxygen in conjunction with the deterioration of both interfacial charge-transfer kinetics and bulk diffusion coefficient. We equally show that this anionic-driven poor kinetics keeps deteriorating further with cycling and we also find that voltage fades faster if oxygen is kept oxidized for longer. Our findings, which are in fact harsher for LR-NMC, convey caution that anionic redox risks practical problems; hence, when chasing larger capacities with this class of materials, we encourage considering real-world applications.

/pdf/editors-choice-practical-assessment-of-anionic-redox-in-li-1bbvyuy24z.pdf

Editors' Choice—Practical Assessment of Anionic Redox in Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: A Mixed Blessing for High Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMRO) have drawn much attention for application as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high-energy density of over 1000 W h kg−1 However, several issues and challenges need to be overcome before realizing the commercialization of LMRO cathode materials, including their disputed crystal structure, ambiguous reaction mechanism, high initial irreversible capacity, poor cycle life, fast voltage fading, and poor rate capability In this paper, we systematically review the development history, elaborate the fundamentals and demonstrate the latest research advances in LMRO cathode materials Furthermore, the applications of LMRO cathode materials and their related key technical issues in full-cells, as well as the prospects for future research are also discussed

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a review from fundamentals to research progress and applications

Flexibility and High-Rate Discharge Properties of Organic Radical Batteries with Gel-State Electrodes

Charge Compensation Mechanism during Cycles in Fe-Containing Li2MnO3 Cathode for High Energy Density and Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Batteries

[Problems] Miniaturization and weight-saving of a fuel cell including a plurality of unit cells are intended together with higher integration of the unit cells. [Means for Solving Problems] A pair of electrode sheet 100 a , 100 b , each having a plurality of fuel electrodes 110 a , 110 b or a plurality of oxidant electrodes 112 a , 112 b supported by a resin section 102 , are disposed on a single plane on the respective surfaces of a solid electrolyte membrane 105 to configure a plurality of unit cells. The fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode of the adjacent two unit cells existing on the respective surfaces of the solid electrolyte membrane are connected in series by using an electroconductive member penetrating the solid electrolyte membrane. Since the electroconductive member 108 extends along the stacking direction of the cell, no excess space is required to achieve the miniaturization of the fuel cell.

Fuel cell and method for fabricating same

Remarkable Charge-Discharge Mechanism for a Large Capacity in Fe-Containing Li2MnO3 Cathodes

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polymer electrolyte fuel cell capable of keeping the concentration of liquid fuel within the prescribed range without directly measuring the concentration and stably controlling operation without directly measuring the concentration of the liquid fuel. SOLUTION: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell is equipped with a fuel cell part 14 containing a fuel cell body 5 having a plurality of cells generating power, and using mixed fuel of at least one of a plurality of liquid fuels having different concentrations and circulation fuel sent from the fuel cell body 5 in the operation of the fuel cell body 5, and a control part 9 controlling the concentration of the mixed fuel by using the plurality of liquid fuels based on the temperature of either one of the mixture fuel and the circulation fuel. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell and operation method of polymer electrolyte fuel cell

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