Lipids and their constituent fatty acids are, along with proteins, the major organic constituents of fish, and they play major roles as sources of metabolic energy for growth including reproduction and movement, including migration. Furthermore, the fatty acids of fish lipids are rich in ω3 long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) that have particularly important roles in animal nutrition, including fish and human nutrition, reflecting their roles in critical physiological processes. Indeed, fish are the most important food source of these vital nutrients for man. Thus, the longstanding interest in fish lipids stems from their abundance and their uniqueness. This review attempts to summarize our present state of knowledge of various aspects of the basic biochemistry, metabolism, and functions of fatty acids, and the lipids they constitute part of, in fish, seeking where possible to relate that understanding as much to fish in their natural environment as to farmed fish. In doing so, it highli...

/pdf/metabolism-and-functions-of-lipids-and-fatty-acids-in-566zpmr4m0.pdf

Metabolism and Functions of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Teleost Fish

Continued growth and intensi¢cation of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace ¢sh meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuis, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various ¢sh species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuis considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuis are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively aiect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuis is not speci¢cally considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid pro¢les to meet the metabolic requirements of ¢sh and maximize human health bene¢ts are important aspects. Speci¢c strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuis and limit potentially adverse eiects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuis in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuis and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.

/pdf/expanding-the-utilization-of-sustainable-plant-products-in-4l188wibvf.pdf

Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review

Teleost fishes represent a highly diverse group consisting of more than 20,000 species living across all aquatic environments. This group has significant economical, societal and environmental impacts, yet research efforts have concentrated primarily on salmonid and cyprinid species. This review examines carbohydrate/glucose metabolism and its regulation in these model species including the role of hormones and diet. Over the past decade, molecular tools have been used to address some of the downstream components of these processes and these are incorporated to better understand the roles played by carbohydrates and their regulatory paths. Glucose metabolism remains a contentious area as many fish species are traditionally considered glucose intolerant and, therefore, one might expect that the use and storage of glucose would be considered of minor importance. However, the actual picture is not so clear since the apparent intolerance of fish to carbohydrates is not evident in herbivorous and omnivorous species and even in carnivorous species, glucose is important for specific tissues and/or for specific activities. Thus, our aim is to up-date carbohydrate metabolism in fish, placing it to the context of these new experimental tools and its relationship to dietary intake. Finally, we suggest that new research directions ultimately will lead to a better understanding of these processes.

Glucose metabolism in fish: a review

Under intensive culture conditions, fish are subject to increased stress owing to environmental (water quality and hypoxia) and health conditions (parasites and infectious diseases). All these factors have negative impacts on fish well-being and overall performance, with consequent economic losses. Though good management practices contribute to reduce stressor effects, stress susceptibility is always high under crowded conditions. Adequate nutrition is essential to avoid deficiency signs, maintain adequate animal performance and sustain normal health. Further, it is becoming evident that diets overfortified with specific nutrients [amino acids, essential fatty acids (FAs), vitamins or minerals] at levels above requirement may improve health condition and disease resistance. Diet supplements are also being evaluated for their antioxidant potential, as fish are potentially at risk of peroxidative attack because of the large quantities of highly unsaturated FAs in both fish tissues and diets. Functional constituents other than essential nutrients (such as probiotics, prebiotics and immunostimulants) are also currently being considered in fish nutrition aiming to improve fish growth and/or feed efficiency, health status, stress tolerance and resistance to diseases. Such products are becoming more and more important for reducing antibiotic utilization in aquafarms, as these have environmental impacts, may accumulate in animal tissues and increase bacterial resistance. This study reviews knowledge of the effect of diet nutrients on health, welfare and improvement of disease resistance in fish.

Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish.

Utilisation of dietary carbohydrates in farmed fishes: New insights on influencing factors, biological limitations and future strategies

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aquaculturesci1953/44/3/44_3_369/_pdf

Stability of L-Ascorbyl-2-O-α-Glucoside and L-Ascorbyl-2-Phosphate Mg

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted in a running sea water system to determine the appropriate protein and energy levels in the practical diet for spotted halibut Verasper variegatus (initial weight: 50.0 g). Nine diets of three digestible protein (DP) levels (41, 46 and 56%), each with three digestible energy (DE) levels (360, 400 and 440 kcal/100 g) resulting in DP/DE ratios ranging from 98 to 150 mg/kcal, were fed to 20 fish (per 200-l tank) in duplicate. Weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary DP level and decreasing dietary DE level, reaching a maximum in the diet (56.7% DP and 379 kcalDE/100 g) containing a DE level of 360 kcal/100 g at a DP level of 56%. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, energy efficiency and nutrient retention reflected growth response. Hematological characteristics were not affected by dietary DP and DE levels, while serum protein, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations decreased with increasing dietary DE level at a DP level of 41%, and body fat content increased with increasing dietary DE level at DP levels of 46% and 56%. These results indicate that an increase in dietary DE level has no protein-sparing effect and that a diet with 56.7% DP and 379 kcalDE/100 g, corresponding to a DP/DE ratio of 150 mg/kcal, is optimal for growth, feed conversion and body composition of this fish.

Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Growth, Feed Conversion and Body Composition of Spotted Halibut Verasper variegatus

Effect of ration level on non-fecal nitrogen excretion of juvenile yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)

成長や消化率に及ぼす飼料形態の影響を知るために, 摂餌促進物質を添加した同一組成のMP, EPおよびSPを, ドライベースで等率になるようにブリ稚魚に給与し, 50日間水槽飼育した。SP区の摂餌はやや不活発であったが, 全区の増重量は近似しており, 飼料効率, タンパク質効率およびエネルギー効率の区間差も小さかった。腸重量や消化率に若干の区間差はみられたが, 全区の血液性状や血清成分は類似していた。以上の結果から, 飼料形態によりブリの摂餌活性や消化過程は多少異なるが, 本試験条件下では3飼料の利用性は類似すると判断された。

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/65/5/65_5_866/_pdf

Effect of Dietary Types on the Utilization of Practical Diet by Yellowtail

Replacement of Fish Meal by Combined Inclusion of Soybean Meal, Corn Gluten Meal, and Meat Meal in Mash for Oregon Moist Pellets for Yearling Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata

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